Stem cells are special cells that are not derived from any cell that is devoted obtained. Adults, just like embryonic stem cells have. Stem cells for different types of blood cells obtained from bone marrow or, in small quantities, derived from the blood. Stem cells obtained from fetuses that are considered best because they are more likely to survive the transplant compared with those obtained from children or adults. Bone marrow transplantation is one type of stem cell transplantation, because bone marrow contains stem cells that produce more blood cells.
Stem cell transplants could be used as part of the treatment of leukemia, certain types of lymphoma (including Hodgkin's disease), and aplastic anemia. Which can also be used to treat children with certain genetic disorders, including thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and multiple congenital metabolic or immunodeficiency disorders (such as chronic granulomatous disease). Certain types of stem cells could also be used as grafts for the bone marrow destroyed by chemotherapy or high dose radiation therapy used to treat cancers such as breast cancer. Stem cell transplantation can be very useful for treating other disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, in which the transplanted stem cells could become brain cells.
Stem cells are likely the person's own cells (a procedure called autologous transplantation) or those who are donors (a procedure called allogeneic transplantation). When a person's own stem cells are used, they are collected before chemotherapy or radiation therapy because this treatment can damage stem cells. They are injected back into the body after treatment.
For bone marrow transplant, the donor is usually given a general anesthetic. Then a doctor remove the donor marrow from the hip bone with a syringe. Transfer of bone marrow takes 1 hour.
Sometimes the stem cells from adult blood obtained from an outpatient procedure. At first, the donor is given drugs that cause bone marrow release more stem cells into the bloodstream. then blood was taken via a catheter inserted into one arm and passed through a machine that removes the stem cells. The whole blood is returned to the person through a catheter inserted into the other arm. Typically, about 2 to 4 hour sessions over a period of 1 to 2 weeks is necessary to obtain enough stem cells. Stem cells can be preserved for later use by freezing them.
Doctors injected the stem cells into the vessels of the recipient. The injected stem cells migrate and develop in the bones of the recipient and produce blood cells.
Stem cell transplants are at risk because the recipient's white blood cells have been destroyed or reduced in number by chemotherapy or radiation therapy. As a result, the risk of infection is very high for about 2 to 3 weeks until the donated stem cells could produce enough white blood cells to protect from infection.
Another problem is that the newly obtained bone marrow from another person could produce cells that attack the cells of the recipient, cause of graft-versus-host. Furthermore, the original disturbance can be repeated.
Risk of infection can be reduced by keeping the donor-recipient in the isolation room for a certain period (until the transplanted cells begin to produce blood cells). during this time, staff members and visitors should use masks and gowns and wash their hands thoroughly before entering the space. Donor antibodies isolated from donors may be given intravenously to the recipient to help protect from infection. Growth factor, which stimulates the production of blood cells, could help reduce the risk of infection and disease graft-versus-host.
Stem cell transplant recipients usually remain in hospital for 1 to 2 months. After discharge from hospital, follow-up visit is required at regular intervals. Most people need at least a year to heal.
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