Cirrhosis is the destruction of normal liver tissue that left scar tissue that does not work in the surrounding liver tissue that is still functioning.
CAUSE
Diseases that cause liver damage will result in cirrhosis. In the U.S., the most common cause is alcohol abuse. At USIS 45-65 years, cirrhosis is the third leading cause of death, after heart disease and cancer. In some countries of Asia and Africa, a major cause of cirrhosis is chronic hepatitis.
The cause of cirrhosis is:
Alcohol abuse
Use of certain drugs
Exposure to certain chemicals
Infection (including hepatitis B and hepatitis C)
Autoimmune diseases (including chronic autoimmune hepatitis)
Bile duct obstruction
Persistent blockage in blood flow from the liver (eg Budd-Chiari syndrome)
Disorders of the heart and blood vessels
Deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin
High levels of galactose in the blood
High tyrosine levels in the blood at birth (tirosinosis kongenitalis)
Diseases of glycogen accumulation
Diabetes (diabetes)
Malnutrition
Excessive accumulation of copper congenital (Wilson disease)
Excess iron (haemochromatosis).
SYMPTOMS
Some patients with mild cirrhosis have no symptoms and appear healthy for many years. Other patients experienced loss of appetite, weight loss and feeling sick. If bile flow is blocked for many years, there could be jaundice (jaundice), itching and small nodules arising in the skin is yellow, especially around the eyelids.
Malnutrition is common due to poor appetite and impaired absorption of fats and vitamins that are fat soluble, which is caused by reduced production of bile salts.
It sometimes happens coughing up blood or vomit blood because of bleeding from varicose veins in the lower end of the esophagus (esophageal varices). Dilation of blood vessels is a result of the high pressure in the venous blood from the intestines that leads to the liver. High blood pressure is called portal hypertension, which together with poor liver function, can also cause accumulation of fluid in the abdomen (ascites). Can also occur renal failure and hepatic encephalopathy.
The symptoms of other liver diseases can occur, such as:
- Muscle weakness
- Redness of the palms (palmar erythema)
- Fingers curved upward (palms Dupuytren contracture)
- Small veins that provide a picture like a spider
- Breast enlargement in men (gynecomastia)
- Salivary gland enlargement in cheeks
- Hair loss
- Shrink the testicles (testicular atrophy)
- Abnormal nerve function (peripheral neuropathy).
Diagnosis
Ultrasound may reveal enlarged liver. Scanning liver using radioactive isotopes show a still picture of the liver function and liver area that has become scar tissue. Definitive diagnosis is made based on microscopic examination of liver tissue (biopsy).
TREATMENT
Treatment for cirrhosis of the form:
eliminate sources of toxins (eg alcohol)
proper food intake, including vitamin supplements
treatment of complications.
Effective liver transplant performed in patients who have developed the Cirrhosis. But if people continue to consume alcohol or if the cause can not be resolved, then the hearts were transplanted in the end may also have cirrhosis.
Prognosis
Cirrhosis is growing very fast. If patients with alcoholic cirrhosis early immediately stop consuming alcohol, the formation of scar tissue in the liver will usually stop, but the scar tissue that forms will persist. In general, the prognosis is worse in case of serious complications, such as vomiting blood, ascites, or abnormal brain function.
Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) are more common in patients with cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or hepatitis C, iron overload (haemochromatosis) and accumulation of glycogen disease of long standing. Liver cancer can also occur in patients with cirrhosis due to alcohol abuse.
Showing posts with label liver. Show all posts
Showing posts with label liver. Show all posts
Saturday, November 12, 2011
Sunday, November 6, 2011
What is Bacteremia symptoms ?
Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. Sepsis is an infection in the bloodstream.
CAUSE
Sepsis is the result of a bacterial infection in the human body.
Which is often a source of sepsis is an infection of the kidney, liver or gall bladder, intestines, skin (cellulitis) and lungs (pneumonia due to bacteria).
Risk factor for sepsis:
Surgery at the infected site or in the body where bacteria normally grow (eg intestine)
Insert foreign objects into the body, such as intravenous catheters, urinary catheters or tubes drainage water
The injected drug abuse
People with immune system disorders (eg due to anti-cancer therapy).
SYMPTOMS
Transient bacteremia that rarely causes symptoms because the body is usually able to eradicate a small number of bacteria immediately.
If there has been sepsis, it will arise the following symptoms:
- Fever or hypothermia (decreased body temperature)
- Hyperventilation
- Chills
- Skin felt warm
- Skin rash
- Tachycardia (increased heart rate)
- Delirious or confused
- Decreased urine production.
If not addressed, sepsis can cause infection throughout the body (metastatic infection). Infection can occur in the lining of the brain (meningitis), in the pericardium (pericarditis), in the heart (endocarditis), in the bone (osteomyelitis) and in the large joints. An abscess (collection of pus) may develop in almost all parts of the body.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of sepsis infection is suspected when a patient suddenly experienced high fever. The number of white blood cells in the blood is usually very high. Blood culture was made to determine the organism causing the infection. However, the bacteria may not grow in blood cultures, especially if the patient received antibiotic therapy. For samples that need to be cultured from sputum, urine, wound, or from parts of the body where the catheter is inserted.
TREATMENT
Bacteremia due to surgery or catheterization of the urinary tract usually do not require treatment, provided the catheter is removed immediately. But for people at risk for the infection (patients with heart valve disease or immune system deficiencies), before undergoing surgery or catheter, is usually given antibiotics to prevent sepsis.
Sepsis is a serious problem, with a high mortality risk. Antibiotics should be given immediately even before the culture results from the laboratory. At the beginning of antibiotic based on what bacteria are often found in areas that are infected with. 2 types of antibiotics are often given to improve its ability to kill bacteria.
Then if culture results are obtained, antibiotics can be replaced with the most effective for the bacteria that cause infection. In some cases surgery is necessary to eliminate the source of infection, such as an abscess.
May need to be given supportive therapy in the form of supplemental oxygen, intravenous fluids and medications to increase blood pressure. If kidney failure occurs, patients may need dialysis. In the event of respiratory failure, may need to be assisted with a ventilator machine.
CAUSE
Sepsis is the result of a bacterial infection in the human body.
Which is often a source of sepsis is an infection of the kidney, liver or gall bladder, intestines, skin (cellulitis) and lungs (pneumonia due to bacteria).
Risk factor for sepsis:
Surgery at the infected site or in the body where bacteria normally grow (eg intestine)
Insert foreign objects into the body, such as intravenous catheters, urinary catheters or tubes drainage water
The injected drug abuse
People with immune system disorders (eg due to anti-cancer therapy).
SYMPTOMS
Transient bacteremia that rarely causes symptoms because the body is usually able to eradicate a small number of bacteria immediately.
If there has been sepsis, it will arise the following symptoms:
- Fever or hypothermia (decreased body temperature)
- Hyperventilation
- Chills
- Skin felt warm
- Skin rash
- Tachycardia (increased heart rate)
- Delirious or confused
- Decreased urine production.
If not addressed, sepsis can cause infection throughout the body (metastatic infection). Infection can occur in the lining of the brain (meningitis), in the pericardium (pericarditis), in the heart (endocarditis), in the bone (osteomyelitis) and in the large joints. An abscess (collection of pus) may develop in almost all parts of the body.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of sepsis infection is suspected when a patient suddenly experienced high fever. The number of white blood cells in the blood is usually very high. Blood culture was made to determine the organism causing the infection. However, the bacteria may not grow in blood cultures, especially if the patient received antibiotic therapy. For samples that need to be cultured from sputum, urine, wound, or from parts of the body where the catheter is inserted.
TREATMENT
Bacteremia due to surgery or catheterization of the urinary tract usually do not require treatment, provided the catheter is removed immediately. But for people at risk for the infection (patients with heart valve disease or immune system deficiencies), before undergoing surgery or catheter, is usually given antibiotics to prevent sepsis.
Sepsis is a serious problem, with a high mortality risk. Antibiotics should be given immediately even before the culture results from the laboratory. At the beginning of antibiotic based on what bacteria are often found in areas that are infected with. 2 types of antibiotics are often given to improve its ability to kill bacteria.
Then if culture results are obtained, antibiotics can be replaced with the most effective for the bacteria that cause infection. In some cases surgery is necessary to eliminate the source of infection, such as an abscess.
May need to be given supportive therapy in the form of supplemental oxygen, intravenous fluids and medications to increase blood pressure. If kidney failure occurs, patients may need dialysis. In the event of respiratory failure, may need to be assisted with a ventilator machine.
Saturday, November 5, 2011
What is Leukemia ?
Leukemia is a cancer of blood cells.
CAUSE
Leukemia usually affects white blood cells. The cause of most types of leukemia is unknown. Viruses cause some leukemias in animals (eg cats).
HTLV-I virus (human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I), which resemble the virus that causes AIDS, is thought to cause a rare type of leukemia in humans, namely adult T-cell leukemia.
Exposure to radiation (radiation) and certain chemicals (eg benzene) and the use of anticancer drugs, increasing the risk of leukemia. People who have certain genetic disorders (eg Down's syndrome and Fanconi syndrome), are also more susceptible to leukemia.
White blood cells derived from stem cells in bone marrow. Leukemia occurs when the process of maturation of stem cells into white blood cells susceptible to interference and produces changes toward malignancy.
These changes often involve a rearrangement of parts of chromosomes (genetic material of cells is complex). Chromosomal rearrangement (translocation chromosomes) disrupt the normal control of cell division, so that cells divide uncontrollably and become malignant, eventually mastering these cells replace the bone marrow and the place of the cells that produce blood cells are normal. This cancer can also infiltrate into other organs, including liver, spleen, lymph nodes, kidney, and brain.
CAUSE
Leukemia usually affects white blood cells. The cause of most types of leukemia is unknown. Viruses cause some leukemias in animals (eg cats).
HTLV-I virus (human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I), which resemble the virus that causes AIDS, is thought to cause a rare type of leukemia in humans, namely adult T-cell leukemia.
Exposure to radiation (radiation) and certain chemicals (eg benzene) and the use of anticancer drugs, increasing the risk of leukemia. People who have certain genetic disorders (eg Down's syndrome and Fanconi syndrome), are also more susceptible to leukemia.
White blood cells derived from stem cells in bone marrow. Leukemia occurs when the process of maturation of stem cells into white blood cells susceptible to interference and produces changes toward malignancy.
These changes often involve a rearrangement of parts of chromosomes (genetic material of cells is complex). Chromosomal rearrangement (translocation chromosomes) disrupt the normal control of cell division, so that cells divide uncontrollably and become malignant, eventually mastering these cells replace the bone marrow and the place of the cells that produce blood cells are normal. This cancer can also infiltrate into other organs, including liver, spleen, lymph nodes, kidney, and brain.
Thursday, November 3, 2011
What is Septic shock ?
Septic shock is a condition where blood pressure drops to levels that endanger their lives as a result of sepsis.
Septic shock often occurs in:
- The newborn,
- Age over 50 years, and
- People with immune system disorders.
CAUSE
Septic shock caused by toxins produced by certain bacteria and due to cytokines (substances made by the immune system to fight an infection). Toxins released by the bacteria can cause tissue damage and circulatory disorders.
Risk factor for septic shock:
* Chronic disease (diabetes, blood cancer, urinary-genital tract, liver, gall bladder, intestine)
* Infection
* The use of long-term antibiotic
* Medical or surgical measures.
SYMPTOMS
Early signs of septic shock is often a decrease in mental alertness and confusion that arises within 24 hours or more before the blood pressure down. These symptoms occur due to reduced blood flow to the brain. Outpouring of blood from the heart is increased, but blood vessels widen so blood pressure falls. Breathing becomes faster so that the lungs and removing excessive carbon dioxide levels in the blood decreases.
Early symptoms include shivering, body temperature rises very quickly, warm and flushed skin, weak pulse and blood pressure fluctuated. Urine production is reduced despite increased flow of blood from the heart. In later stages, the body temperature often drops to below normal.
When the shock worsened, multiple organ failure:
- Renal: decreased urine production,
- Lung: respiratory distress and decreased oxygen levels in the blood,
- Heart: fluid retention and swelling.
May develop blood clots in the blood vessels.
Diagnosis
Blood tests showed a white blood cell count that much or less and the amount of clotting factors is decreased. If kidney failure occurs, the levels of metabolic waste products (such as urea nitrogen) in the blood will increase. Blood gas analysis showed acidosis and low oxygen concentration.
EKG showed heart rhythm irregularity of the heart, showed inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle. Blood culture was made to determine the bacteria causing the infection.
TREATMENT
At the time of septic shock symptoms arise, the patient immediately put into intensive care room for treatment. Fluids in large quantities given intravenously to raise blood pressure and should be watched closely. Can be given dopamine or nor-epinephrine to shrink blood vessels so that blood pressure rises and blood flow to the brain and the heart increases.
In the event of failure of the lungs, may be required mechanical ventilator. Antibiotics intravenously (through a vein) is given in high doses to kill bacteria. If there are abscesses, pus discharge performed. If the attached catheter that may be the cause of the infection must be removed. May need surgery to remove dead tissue, such as gangrenous tissue of the intestine.
Septic shock often occurs in:
- The newborn,
- Age over 50 years, and
- People with immune system disorders.
CAUSE
Septic shock caused by toxins produced by certain bacteria and due to cytokines (substances made by the immune system to fight an infection). Toxins released by the bacteria can cause tissue damage and circulatory disorders.
Risk factor for septic shock:
* Chronic disease (diabetes, blood cancer, urinary-genital tract, liver, gall bladder, intestine)
* Infection
* The use of long-term antibiotic
* Medical or surgical measures.
SYMPTOMS
Early signs of septic shock is often a decrease in mental alertness and confusion that arises within 24 hours or more before the blood pressure down. These symptoms occur due to reduced blood flow to the brain. Outpouring of blood from the heart is increased, but blood vessels widen so blood pressure falls. Breathing becomes faster so that the lungs and removing excessive carbon dioxide levels in the blood decreases.
Early symptoms include shivering, body temperature rises very quickly, warm and flushed skin, weak pulse and blood pressure fluctuated. Urine production is reduced despite increased flow of blood from the heart. In later stages, the body temperature often drops to below normal.
When the shock worsened, multiple organ failure:
- Renal: decreased urine production,
- Lung: respiratory distress and decreased oxygen levels in the blood,
- Heart: fluid retention and swelling.
May develop blood clots in the blood vessels.
Diagnosis
Blood tests showed a white blood cell count that much or less and the amount of clotting factors is decreased. If kidney failure occurs, the levels of metabolic waste products (such as urea nitrogen) in the blood will increase. Blood gas analysis showed acidosis and low oxygen concentration.
EKG showed heart rhythm irregularity of the heart, showed inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle. Blood culture was made to determine the bacteria causing the infection.
TREATMENT
At the time of septic shock symptoms arise, the patient immediately put into intensive care room for treatment. Fluids in large quantities given intravenously to raise blood pressure and should be watched closely. Can be given dopamine or nor-epinephrine to shrink blood vessels so that blood pressure rises and blood flow to the brain and the heart increases.
In the event of failure of the lungs, may be required mechanical ventilator. Antibiotics intravenously (through a vein) is given in high doses to kill bacteria. If there are abscesses, pus discharge performed. If the attached catheter that may be the cause of the infection must be removed. May need surgery to remove dead tissue, such as gangrenous tissue of the intestine.
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