Testicular cancer is the growth of malignant cells in the testes (testicles), which can cause enlarged testicles or cause a lump in the scrotum .
CAUSE
Most testicular cancers occur in under 40 years of age. The cause is not known for sure, but there are several factors that support the occurrence of testicular cancer:
* Undesensus testes (undescended testes into the scrotum)
* The development of abnormal testes
* Klinefelter's syndrome (a sex chromosome disorder characterized by low levels of male hormones, sterility, breast enlargement (gynecomastia) and small testes).
Another factor that may be the cause of testicular cancer but research is still in its early stages of exposure to certain chemicals and infection by HIV. If in any family history of testicular cancer, the risk will increase. 1% of all cancers in men is testicular cancer. Testicular cancer is the most common cancer found in men aged 15-40 Thun.
Testicular cancer is grouped into:
1. Seminoma: 30-40% of all testicular tumors.
Usually found in men aged 30-40 years and confined to the testis.
2. Non-seminoma: a 60% of all testicular tumors.
Subdivided into several subcategories:
- Embryonal carcinoma: about 20% of testicular cancer, occurs at age 20-30 years and very malignant. Growing very rapidly and spreads to the lungs and liver.
- Yolk sac tumor: approximately 60% of all testicular cancers in young men.
- Teratoma: about 7% of testicular cancers in adult men and 40% in boys. - Choriocarcinoma.
- Tumor stromal cells: a tumor composed of Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and granulosa cells. This tumor is 3-4% of all testicular tumors. Tumors can produce the hormone estradiol, which can cause one of the symptoms of testicular cancer, which is gynecomastia.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms include:
- Testicle enlarged or palpable weird (not as usual)
- Lump or swelling in one or both testicles
- Dull pain in the back or lower abdomen - Gynecomastia
- Discomfort / pain in the testicle or scrotum feels heavy.
But it may also not found any symptoms at all.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination. Other tests are commonly performed:
* Scrotal ultrasound
* Blood tests for tumor markers AFP (alpha fetoprotein), HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) and LDH (lactic dehydrogenase).
Nearly 85% of non-seminoma cancer showed elevated levels of AFP or beta HCG.
* Chest X-rays (to determine the spread of cancer to the lungs)
* CT scan of the abdomen (to determine the spread of cancer to the abdominal organs)
* Tissue biopsy.
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on the type, stage and severity of the disease. Once cancer is found, the first step is to determine the type of cancer cells. The next stage is determined:
* Stage I: The cancer has not spread beyond the testicle
* Stage II: Cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen
* Stage III: cancer has spread beyond the lymph nodes, get to the heart or lungs.
There are four kinds of treatment that can be used:
1. Surgery: removal of the testes (orkiektomi and removal of lymph nodes (lymphadenectomy
2. Radiation therapy: using high doses of X rays or other high energy rays, is often performed after lymphadenectomy in non-seminoma tumors.
Also used as a primary treatment in seminoma, especially in its early stages.
3. Chemotherapy: used drugs (eg cisplatin, bleomycin, and etoposide) to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy has improved the life expectancy of patients with non-seminoma tumors.
4. Bone marrow transplantation: do if the chemotherapy has caused damage to the bone marrow of patients.
Tumors Seminoma:
- Stage I is treated with irradiation orkiektomi and abdominal lymph nodes
- Stage II treated with orkiektomi, lymph node irradiation and chemotherapy with sisplastin
- Stage III treated with orkiektomi and multi-drug chemotherapy.
Non-seminomas tumors:
- Stage I: treated with orkiektomi and abdominal lymphadenectomy may be performed
- Stage II: treated with lymphadenectomy orkiektomi and abdomen, possibly followed by chemotherapy
- Stage III: treated with chemotherapy and orkiektomi.
If the cancer is a recurrence of previous testicular cancer, some drugs are given chemotherapy (ifosfamide, cisplatin and etoposide or vinblastine).
Wednesday, November 9, 2011
Gangrene symptoms and prevention
Gangrene is the death of tissue, usually associated with the cessation of blood flow to the affected area.
CAUSE
Gas gangrene caused by infection by bacteria klostridium, which is an-aerobic akteri (grown in the absence of oxygen). During its growth, klostridium produce gas, so-called gas gangrene infection. Gas gangrene generally occurs at the injured body part or on the surgical wound. About 30% of cases occur spontaneously.
Klostridium bacteria produce a variety of toxins, 4 of which (alpha, beta, epsilon, iota) causes symptoms that can be fatal. In addition, tissue necrosis (necrosis), destruction of blood cells (hemolysis), vasoconstriction and vascular leakage. The toxin causes local tissue destruction and systemic symptoms.
SYMPTOMS
Inflammation in the infected area begins as tissue swelling or pale brownish-red color which is very painful. Gas in the tissue can be felt if the finger pressing the swollen area. Klostridium infection also causes the skin felt warm and swollen. Infection can spread under the skin, often forming bullae (large blisters filled with fluid). The liquid is brown and smelly.
gangrenous
Systemic symptoms appear early in infection, include fever, sweating and anxiety. If left untreated, may develop shock-like syndrome, ie decrease in blood pressure (hypotension), kidney failure, coma and death.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made on the terms of symptoms and physical examination (presence of air in the tissue can be felt / crackles). Radiographs may show gas under the skin. Scanning CT and MRI can help determine the amount of gas and the extent of tissue damage. Fluid from the wound cultured in the laboratory to strengthen the cause is klostridium.
TREATMENT
If you suspect a gangrene, broad spectrum antibiotics are given immediately, although klostridia only necessary to destroy penicillin. Removal of damaged tissue. Sometimes if the circulation is very poor, in part or whole limb must be amputated to prevent the spread of infection.
High-pressure oxygen therapy (hyperbaric oxygen) can also be used to treat extensive skin gangrene. Patients are placed in a room that contains a high-pressure oxygen, which will help kill klostridia.
PREVENTION
Clean the wound in the skin carefully. Be alert for signs of infection (redness, pain, discharge, swelling).
CAUSE
Gas gangrene caused by infection by bacteria klostridium, which is an-aerobic akteri (grown in the absence of oxygen). During its growth, klostridium produce gas, so-called gas gangrene infection. Gas gangrene generally occurs at the injured body part or on the surgical wound. About 30% of cases occur spontaneously.
Klostridium bacteria produce a variety of toxins, 4 of which (alpha, beta, epsilon, iota) causes symptoms that can be fatal. In addition, tissue necrosis (necrosis), destruction of blood cells (hemolysis), vasoconstriction and vascular leakage. The toxin causes local tissue destruction and systemic symptoms.
SYMPTOMS
Inflammation in the infected area begins as tissue swelling or pale brownish-red color which is very painful. Gas in the tissue can be felt if the finger pressing the swollen area. Klostridium infection also causes the skin felt warm and swollen. Infection can spread under the skin, often forming bullae (large blisters filled with fluid). The liquid is brown and smelly.
gangrenous
Systemic symptoms appear early in infection, include fever, sweating and anxiety. If left untreated, may develop shock-like syndrome, ie decrease in blood pressure (hypotension), kidney failure, coma and death.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made on the terms of symptoms and physical examination (presence of air in the tissue can be felt / crackles). Radiographs may show gas under the skin. Scanning CT and MRI can help determine the amount of gas and the extent of tissue damage. Fluid from the wound cultured in the laboratory to strengthen the cause is klostridium.
TREATMENT
If you suspect a gangrene, broad spectrum antibiotics are given immediately, although klostridia only necessary to destroy penicillin. Removal of damaged tissue. Sometimes if the circulation is very poor, in part or whole limb must be amputated to prevent the spread of infection.
High-pressure oxygen therapy (hyperbaric oxygen) can also be used to treat extensive skin gangrene. Patients are placed in a room that contains a high-pressure oxygen, which will help kill klostridia.
PREVENTION
Clean the wound in the skin carefully. Be alert for signs of infection (redness, pain, discharge, swelling).
Dysmenorrhea symptoms and prevention
Dysmenorrhea is the pain that comes from the abdominal and uterine cramps during menstruation.
CAUSE
Primary dysmenorrhea is called if no underlying cause is found and if the cause is secondary dysmenorrhea content abnormalities. Primary dysmenorrhea is common, probably more than 50% of women experience it and 15% of them experienced severe pain. Primary dysmenorrhea usually arise in adolescence, which is about 2-3 years after the first period.
Pain in primary dysmenorrhea probably derived from uterine contractions are stimulated by prostaglandins. Pain is felt more intense when a clot or piece of tissue from the lining of the uterus through the cervix (cervical), especially if serviksnya narrow channel. Another factor that can exacerbate dysmenorrhea are:
- The uterus is facing backward (retroverted)
- Lack of exercise
- Psychological stress or social stress.
Increased age and pregnancy will cause the disappearance of primary dysmenorrhea. This is thought to occur because of uterine nerve deterioration due to aging and loss of some nerves in late pregnancy.
The difference depends on the severity of pain levels of prostaglandins. Women who experience dysmenorrhea have prostaglandin levels are 5-13 times higher than women who did not experience dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is very similar to the pain felt by pregnant women who received injections of prostaglandin to induce labor.
Secondary dysmenorrhea is less common and occurs in 25% of women who experience dysmenorrhea. Causes of secondary dysmenorrhea are:
* Endometriosis
* Fibroids
* Adenomyosis
* Inflammation of the fallopian tubes
* Abnormal Adhesions between organs in the abdomen.
* The use of IUDs.
Secondary dysmenorrhea often begins to rise at the age of 20 years.
SYMPTOMS
Dysmenorrhea cause pain in lower abdomen, which can spread to the lower back and legs. Pain is felt as a cramping of relapsing-remitting or as a constant dull pain there. Usually the pain began to occur shortly before or during menstruation, reaching a peak within 24 hours and after 2 days will disappear. Dysmenorrhea also often accompanied by headache, nausea, constipation or diarrhea and frequent urination. Sometimes until there is vomiting.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination.
TREATMENT
To reduce pain medication can be given non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (eg ibuprofen, naproxen and mefenamic acid). This drug is most effective if started drunk 2 days before menstruation and continued until day 1-2 of menstruation. In addition to medications, pain can also be reduced by:
- Adequate rest,
- Regular exercise (especially walking),
- Massage,
- Orgasm in sexual activity, and
- A warm compress on the abdomen.
To overcome the nausea and vomiting can be given anti-nausea, but nausea and vomiting usually disappear if the cramps been resolved. Symptoms can also be reduced by adequate rest and exercise regularly.
If the pain continues to be felt and interfere with daily activities, then given a low dose birth control pills containing estrogen and progesterone or given medroxiprogesteron. Giving the two drugs were intended to prevent ovulation (release of eggs) and reduces the formation of prostaglandins, which in turn will reduce the severity of dysmenorrhea. If the drug is also not effective, then an additional examination (eg laparoscopy).
If very severe dysmenorrhea can be done detachments endometrium, which is a procedure where the lining of the uterus are burned or evaporated by the heater. Treatment for secondary dysmenorrhea depends on the cause.
CAUSE
Primary dysmenorrhea is called if no underlying cause is found and if the cause is secondary dysmenorrhea content abnormalities. Primary dysmenorrhea is common, probably more than 50% of women experience it and 15% of them experienced severe pain. Primary dysmenorrhea usually arise in adolescence, which is about 2-3 years after the first period.
Pain in primary dysmenorrhea probably derived from uterine contractions are stimulated by prostaglandins. Pain is felt more intense when a clot or piece of tissue from the lining of the uterus through the cervix (cervical), especially if serviksnya narrow channel. Another factor that can exacerbate dysmenorrhea are:
- The uterus is facing backward (retroverted)
- Lack of exercise
- Psychological stress or social stress.
Increased age and pregnancy will cause the disappearance of primary dysmenorrhea. This is thought to occur because of uterine nerve deterioration due to aging and loss of some nerves in late pregnancy.
The difference depends on the severity of pain levels of prostaglandins. Women who experience dysmenorrhea have prostaglandin levels are 5-13 times higher than women who did not experience dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is very similar to the pain felt by pregnant women who received injections of prostaglandin to induce labor.
Secondary dysmenorrhea is less common and occurs in 25% of women who experience dysmenorrhea. Causes of secondary dysmenorrhea are:
* Endometriosis
* Fibroids
* Adenomyosis
* Inflammation of the fallopian tubes
* Abnormal Adhesions between organs in the abdomen.
* The use of IUDs.
Secondary dysmenorrhea often begins to rise at the age of 20 years.
SYMPTOMS
Dysmenorrhea cause pain in lower abdomen, which can spread to the lower back and legs. Pain is felt as a cramping of relapsing-remitting or as a constant dull pain there. Usually the pain began to occur shortly before or during menstruation, reaching a peak within 24 hours and after 2 days will disappear. Dysmenorrhea also often accompanied by headache, nausea, constipation or diarrhea and frequent urination. Sometimes until there is vomiting.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination.
TREATMENT
To reduce pain medication can be given non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (eg ibuprofen, naproxen and mefenamic acid). This drug is most effective if started drunk 2 days before menstruation and continued until day 1-2 of menstruation. In addition to medications, pain can also be reduced by:
- Adequate rest,
- Regular exercise (especially walking),
- Massage,
- Orgasm in sexual activity, and
- A warm compress on the abdomen.
To overcome the nausea and vomiting can be given anti-nausea, but nausea and vomiting usually disappear if the cramps been resolved. Symptoms can also be reduced by adequate rest and exercise regularly.
If the pain continues to be felt and interfere with daily activities, then given a low dose birth control pills containing estrogen and progesterone or given medroxiprogesteron. Giving the two drugs were intended to prevent ovulation (release of eggs) and reduces the formation of prostaglandins, which in turn will reduce the severity of dysmenorrhea. If the drug is also not effective, then an additional examination (eg laparoscopy).
If very severe dysmenorrhea can be done detachments endometrium, which is a procedure where the lining of the uterus are burned or evaporated by the heater. Treatment for secondary dysmenorrhea depends on the cause.
Berilliosis symptoms, causes and prevention
Berilliosis (Beryllium Disease) is an inflammation of the lungs caused by inhaling dust or fumes that contain beryllium. Once extracted and refined beryllium usual for use in electronics and chemical industries and in the manufacture of incandescent light bulbs. Now beryllium primarily used for the spacecraft industry. In addition to the industrial workers, the people who live in the neighborhood can also be exposed to distillery beriliosis.
CAUSE
Beryllium exposure mainly occurs through inhalation of beryllium dust and fumes or direct contact through broken skin. Inhalation of beryllium (Be) can cause symptoms of lung 2, namely acute chemical pneumonitis and granulomatous lung disease called chronic beryllium disease or beriliosis.
In acute beryllium disease, these metals act as direct chemical irritant, which causes a non-specific inflammatory reaction. With the increasing hygiene in industry, at this time of acute beryllium disease had disappeared. Beriliosis still found in beryllium processing industry, where the workers exposed to beryllium fumes or dust.
Beriliosis differ from other occupational diseases where lung problems only occur in people who are sensitive to beryllium, which is about 2% of those in contact with beryllium. This disease can occur even in those exposed to beryllium in a short time and new symptoms arise after 10-20 years.
SYMPTOMS
Patients with acute chemical pneumonitis, will experience a cough, respiratory problems and weight loss suddenly. The acute form can also be on the skin and eyes. In beriliosis abnormal tissue formed in the lung are accompanied by enlarged lymph nodes. In this situation, symptoms such as cough, breathing disorder and weight loss occurs gradually.
Other symptoms that may be found:
- Chest pain
- Joint pain
- Tired.
Diagnosis
To make a diagnosis beriliosis, must meet the following three criteria:
a history of beryllium exposure
positive results of the examination BeLPT (beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test) to blood or BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage)
the existence of non-caseating granulomas on lung biopsy.
If the results of BeLPT positive but a negative biopsy result, it is not said to suffer from beriliosis, only said to have been sensitized by beryllium.
TREATMENT
Indication of treatment done based on:
presence of symptoms
pulmonary function test results are abnormal
decline in lung function.
If the criteria are not met, then no need for treatment.
Corticosteroid treatment is chosen. There has been no agreement on the dose and duration of corticosteroid administration. Initially given prednisone per-oral (by mouth) at a dose of 20-40 mg / day for 4-6 weeks, then the dose is reduced according to clinical response occurs.
To patients who do not respond to corticosteroid administration, or patients who experienced serious side effects due to corticosteroid administration, given methotrexat. In later stages, it is recommended to undergo lung transplantation.
CAUSE
Beryllium exposure mainly occurs through inhalation of beryllium dust and fumes or direct contact through broken skin. Inhalation of beryllium (Be) can cause symptoms of lung 2, namely acute chemical pneumonitis and granulomatous lung disease called chronic beryllium disease or beriliosis.
In acute beryllium disease, these metals act as direct chemical irritant, which causes a non-specific inflammatory reaction. With the increasing hygiene in industry, at this time of acute beryllium disease had disappeared. Beriliosis still found in beryllium processing industry, where the workers exposed to beryllium fumes or dust.
Beriliosis differ from other occupational diseases where lung problems only occur in people who are sensitive to beryllium, which is about 2% of those in contact with beryllium. This disease can occur even in those exposed to beryllium in a short time and new symptoms arise after 10-20 years.
SYMPTOMS
Patients with acute chemical pneumonitis, will experience a cough, respiratory problems and weight loss suddenly. The acute form can also be on the skin and eyes. In beriliosis abnormal tissue formed in the lung are accompanied by enlarged lymph nodes. In this situation, symptoms such as cough, breathing disorder and weight loss occurs gradually.
Other symptoms that may be found:
- Chest pain
- Joint pain
- Tired.
Diagnosis
To make a diagnosis beriliosis, must meet the following three criteria:
a history of beryllium exposure
positive results of the examination BeLPT (beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test) to blood or BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage)
the existence of non-caseating granulomas on lung biopsy.
If the results of BeLPT positive but a negative biopsy result, it is not said to suffer from beriliosis, only said to have been sensitized by beryllium.
TREATMENT
Indication of treatment done based on:
presence of symptoms
pulmonary function test results are abnormal
decline in lung function.
If the criteria are not met, then no need for treatment.
Corticosteroid treatment is chosen. There has been no agreement on the dose and duration of corticosteroid administration. Initially given prednisone per-oral (by mouth) at a dose of 20-40 mg / day for 4-6 weeks, then the dose is reduced according to clinical response occurs.
To patients who do not respond to corticosteroid administration, or patients who experienced serious side effects due to corticosteroid administration, given methotrexat. In later stages, it is recommended to undergo lung transplantation.
What is Metabolic Acidosis ?
Metabolic Acidosis is excessive blood acidity, which is characterized by low levels of bicarbonate in the blood. When the increase in acidity exceeded pH buffering system, the blood will actually become acidic. Along with decreasing pH of the blood, breathing becomes deeper and more rapid as the body's effort to reduce excess acid in the blood by lowering the amount of carbon dioxide. In the end, the kidneys also try to compensate this situation by issuing more acid in the urine.
But both of these mechanisms could be exceeded if the body constantly produces too much acid, resulting in severe acidosis and end up with a coma.
CAUSE
Causes of metabolic acidosis can be grouped into three main groups:
The amount of acid in the body may increase if consuming an acid or a substance that is converted into acid. Most of the material that causes acidosis is considered toxic when eaten. Examples are methanol (wood alcohol) and an anti-freeze (ethylene glycol). An overdose of aspirin can cause metabolic acidosis.
The body can produce more acid through metabolism. The body can produce excessive acid as a result of some disease; one of them is diabetes mellitus type I. If diabetes is not well controlled, your body will break down fat and produces acids called ketones. Excessive acid is also found in advanced stages of shock, in which lactic acid is formed from the metabolism of sugar.
Metabolic acidosis can occur if the kidneys are not able to throw acid in the proper amount. Even a normal amount of acid that can cause acidosis if the kidneys are not functioning normally. Abnormalities of renal function is known as renal tubular acidosis, which can occur in patients with renal failure or patients with disorders that affect the kidney's ability to dispose of acid.
The main cause of metabolic asidois:
Renal failure
Renal tubular acidosis (renal deformities)
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Lactic acidosis (increase in lactic acid)
Toxic materials such as ethylene glycol, salicylate overdose, methanol, paraldehid, asetazolamid or ammonium chloride
Loss of base (eg bicarbonate) through the digestive tract due to diarrhea, ileostomy or colostomy.
SYMPTOMS
Mild metabolic acidosis may produce no symptoms, but usually the patient felt nausea, vomiting and fatigue. Breathing becomes deeper or slightly faster, but most patients do not pay attention to this. In line with worsening acidosis, the patient began to feel fatigue, drowsiness, nausea and experiencing more confusion. If acidosis worsens, blood pressure may fall, causing shock, coma and death.
Diagnosis
Acidosis diagnosis is usually made based on the results of pH measurement of blood taken from arterial blood (radial artery in the wrist). Arterial blood is used as an example because venous blood is not accurate for measuring blood pH. To find out the cause, made measurements of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels in the blood.
It may take additional tests to help determine the cause. For example, high blood sugar levels and the presence of ketones in the urine usually indicates an uncontrolled diabetes. Presence of toxic materials in the blood indicate that the metabolic acidosis that occurs due to poisoning or overdose. Sometimes done by microscopic examination of urine and measurement of urine pH.
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on the cause of metabolic acidosis. For example, diabetes controlled with insulin or poisoning treated with toxic wastes from the blood. Sometimes it is necessary to dialysis to treat severe overdose or poisoning.
Metabolic acidosis can be treated directly. In the event of a mild acidosis, which required only intravenous fluids and treatment for the cause. In the event of severe acidosis, bicarbonate may be given intravenously, but bicarbonate only provide temporary relief and may be harmful.
But both of these mechanisms could be exceeded if the body constantly produces too much acid, resulting in severe acidosis and end up with a coma.
CAUSE
Causes of metabolic acidosis can be grouped into three main groups:
The amount of acid in the body may increase if consuming an acid or a substance that is converted into acid. Most of the material that causes acidosis is considered toxic when eaten. Examples are methanol (wood alcohol) and an anti-freeze (ethylene glycol). An overdose of aspirin can cause metabolic acidosis.
The body can produce more acid through metabolism. The body can produce excessive acid as a result of some disease; one of them is diabetes mellitus type I. If diabetes is not well controlled, your body will break down fat and produces acids called ketones. Excessive acid is also found in advanced stages of shock, in which lactic acid is formed from the metabolism of sugar.
Metabolic acidosis can occur if the kidneys are not able to throw acid in the proper amount. Even a normal amount of acid that can cause acidosis if the kidneys are not functioning normally. Abnormalities of renal function is known as renal tubular acidosis, which can occur in patients with renal failure or patients with disorders that affect the kidney's ability to dispose of acid.
The main cause of metabolic asidois:
Renal failure
Renal tubular acidosis (renal deformities)
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Lactic acidosis (increase in lactic acid)
Toxic materials such as ethylene glycol, salicylate overdose, methanol, paraldehid, asetazolamid or ammonium chloride
Loss of base (eg bicarbonate) through the digestive tract due to diarrhea, ileostomy or colostomy.
SYMPTOMS
Mild metabolic acidosis may produce no symptoms, but usually the patient felt nausea, vomiting and fatigue. Breathing becomes deeper or slightly faster, but most patients do not pay attention to this. In line with worsening acidosis, the patient began to feel fatigue, drowsiness, nausea and experiencing more confusion. If acidosis worsens, blood pressure may fall, causing shock, coma and death.
Diagnosis
Acidosis diagnosis is usually made based on the results of pH measurement of blood taken from arterial blood (radial artery in the wrist). Arterial blood is used as an example because venous blood is not accurate for measuring blood pH. To find out the cause, made measurements of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate levels in the blood.
It may take additional tests to help determine the cause. For example, high blood sugar levels and the presence of ketones in the urine usually indicates an uncontrolled diabetes. Presence of toxic materials in the blood indicate that the metabolic acidosis that occurs due to poisoning or overdose. Sometimes done by microscopic examination of urine and measurement of urine pH.
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on the cause of metabolic acidosis. For example, diabetes controlled with insulin or poisoning treated with toxic wastes from the blood. Sometimes it is necessary to dialysis to treat severe overdose or poisoning.
Metabolic acidosis can be treated directly. In the event of a mild acidosis, which required only intravenous fluids and treatment for the cause. In the event of severe acidosis, bicarbonate may be given intravenously, but bicarbonate only provide temporary relief and may be harmful.
Anemia symptoms, causes and prevention
Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin (oxygen carrying protein) in red blood cells is below normal. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which allows them to transport oxygen from the lungs and deliver to all parts of the body.
Anemia causes the reduced number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells, so blood can not transport oxygen in the body as needed.
CAUSE
A common cause of anemia:
1. heavy bleeding
* Acute (sudden)
- Accidents
- Surgery
- Childbirth
- Broken blood vessels
* Chronic (chronic)
- Bleeding nose
- Hemorrhoids (haemorrhoids)
- Peptic ulcer
- Cancer or polyps in the gastrointestinal tract
- Kidney or bladder tumors
- Menstrual bleeding very much.
2. Reduced red blood cell formation
- Iron deficiency
- Lack of vitamin B12
- Lack of folic acid
- Lack of vitamin C
- Chronic Disease.
3. Increased destruction of red blood cells
- Enlargement of the spleen
- Damage mechanics on red blood cells
- Autoimmune reactions against red blood cells
- Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
- Hereditary Spherocytosis
- Hereditary Elliptositosis
- Lack of G6PD
- Sickle cell disease
- Hemoglobin C disease
- Diseases of hemoglobin S-C
- Hemoglobin E disease
- Thalassemia.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms are caused by insufficient oxygen supply to these needs, varies. Anemia can cause fatigue, weakness, lack of energy and the head was floating. If the anemia gets worse, can lead to stroke or heart attack.
Diagnosis
Simple blood tests can determine the presence of anemia. The percentage of red blood cells in total blood volume (hematocrit) and the amount of hemoglobin in a blood sample can be determined. The examination is part of the complete blood counts (CBC).
Anemia causes the reduced number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells, so blood can not transport oxygen in the body as needed.
CAUSE
A common cause of anemia:
1. heavy bleeding
* Acute (sudden)
- Accidents
- Surgery
- Childbirth
- Broken blood vessels
* Chronic (chronic)
- Bleeding nose
- Hemorrhoids (haemorrhoids)
- Peptic ulcer
- Cancer or polyps in the gastrointestinal tract
- Kidney or bladder tumors
- Menstrual bleeding very much.
2. Reduced red blood cell formation
- Iron deficiency
- Lack of vitamin B12
- Lack of folic acid
- Lack of vitamin C
- Chronic Disease.
3. Increased destruction of red blood cells
- Enlargement of the spleen
- Damage mechanics on red blood cells
- Autoimmune reactions against red blood cells
- Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
- Hereditary Spherocytosis
- Hereditary Elliptositosis
- Lack of G6PD
- Sickle cell disease
- Hemoglobin C disease
- Diseases of hemoglobin S-C
- Hemoglobin E disease
- Thalassemia.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms are caused by insufficient oxygen supply to these needs, varies. Anemia can cause fatigue, weakness, lack of energy and the head was floating. If the anemia gets worse, can lead to stroke or heart attack.
Diagnosis
Simple blood tests can determine the presence of anemia. The percentage of red blood cells in total blood volume (hematocrit) and the amount of hemoglobin in a blood sample can be determined. The examination is part of the complete blood counts (CBC).
Respiratory alkalosis symptoms and prevention
Respiratory alkalosis is a condition where the blood becomes alkaline due to rapid breathing and in causing carbon dioxide levels in the blood becomes low.
CAUSE
Rapid breathing and the so-called hyperventilation, which causes too much amount of carbon dioxide removed from the bloodstream. The cause of hyperventilation is the most common anxiety.
Other causes of respiratory alkalosis are:
- Pain
- Cirrhosis of the liver
- Low blood oxygen levels
- fever
- An overdose of aspirin.
SYMPTOMS
Respiratory alkalosis can make people feel anxious and can cause intense itching around the lips and face. If the condition gets worse, possible muscle spasms and loss of consciousness.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is based on the results of measurements of carbon dioxide levels in arterial blood. Blood pH is also often increased.
TREATMENT
Usually the only treatment required is to slow breathing. If the cause is anxiety, slow breathing can relieve this disease. If the cause is pain, pain medication is given. Exhaled breath in a paper bag (not plastic bags) can help increase levels of carbon dioxide after the person to take back the carbon dioxide exhaled.
Another option is to teach the patient to hold his breath as long as possible, then breathe shallow and holding back his breath as long as possible. This is done repeatedly in a series as much as 6-10 times. If carbon dioxide levels rise, the symptoms of hyperventilation would improve, thereby reducing patient anxiety and stop attacks respiratory alkalosis.
CAUSE
Rapid breathing and the so-called hyperventilation, which causes too much amount of carbon dioxide removed from the bloodstream. The cause of hyperventilation is the most common anxiety.
Other causes of respiratory alkalosis are:
- Pain
- Cirrhosis of the liver
- Low blood oxygen levels
- fever
- An overdose of aspirin.
SYMPTOMS
Respiratory alkalosis can make people feel anxious and can cause intense itching around the lips and face. If the condition gets worse, possible muscle spasms and loss of consciousness.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is based on the results of measurements of carbon dioxide levels in arterial blood. Blood pH is also often increased.
TREATMENT
Usually the only treatment required is to slow breathing. If the cause is anxiety, slow breathing can relieve this disease. If the cause is pain, pain medication is given. Exhaled breath in a paper bag (not plastic bags) can help increase levels of carbon dioxide after the person to take back the carbon dioxide exhaled.
Another option is to teach the patient to hold his breath as long as possible, then breathe shallow and holding back his breath as long as possible. This is done repeatedly in a series as much as 6-10 times. If carbon dioxide levels rise, the symptoms of hyperventilation would improve, thereby reducing patient anxiety and stop attacks respiratory alkalosis.
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