Tetanus (lockjaw) is a disease caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetanus. Also called lockjaw because of muscle spasms in the jaw. Tetanus are found in developing countries.
CAUSE
An-aerobic bacteria Clostridium tetanus. Of Clostridium tetanus spores can live for years in soil and animal feces. If the tetanus bacteria enter the human body, infection can occur either into the scars and wounds in the shallows. After the birth process, infection can occur in the mother's womb and navel newborn (neonatal tetanus).
Which causes the onset of symptoms of infection are poisons produced by bacteria, not bacteria.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms usually appear within 5-10 days after infection, but can also occur within 2 days or 50 days after infection. The most common symptom is stiffness of the jaw. Other symptoms of anxiety, impaired swallowing, headache, fever, sore throat, chills, muscle spasms and a stiff neck, arms and legs.
Patients may have difficulty in opening the jaw (trismus). Spasms in the muscles of facial expression causes sufferers like grin with eyebrows raised. Stiffness or spasm muscles of the abdomen, neck and back can cause the patient's head and pulled back heel while his body bent forward. Sphincter muscle spasms in the lower abdomen can cause constipation and urine retention.
Minor disturbances, such as noise, air flow or shock, can trigger muscle spasms are accompanied by pain and excessive sweating. During the convulsions the whole body occurs, the patient can not speak because his chest muscle stiffness or spasm of the throat. It also causes respiratory problems resulting in lack of oxygen.
Usually no fever. Breathe pace and heart rate and reflexes are usually increased. Tetanus can also be limited to a group of muscles around the wound. Seizures around the wound may persist for several weeks.
Diagnosis
Allegedly a case of tetanus muscle stiffness or spasms in someone who has a wound. To confirm the diagnosis can be done culturing bacteria from wound swabs.
TREATMENT
To neutralize the poison, administered tetanus immunoglobulin. Tetrasiklintetrasiklin and penicillin antibiotics given to prevent further formation of toxins.
Other drugs may be given to calm the patient, controlling convulsions and relax muscles. Patients are usually hospitalized and placed in a quiet room. For moderate to severe infections, may need a ventilator to assist breathing. Food is given through an IV or a nasogastric tube. To remove dirt, mounted catheter. The patient should lie alternately tilted to the left or right and was forced to cough to prevent pneumonia.
To reduce pain are given codeine. Other drugs may be given to control blood pressure and heart rate. After recovering, should be given full vaccination for tetanus infection does not confer immunity against subsequent infections.
Prognosis
Tetanus has a mortality rate of up to 50%. Usually the deaths occur in people who are very young, very old and injecting drug users. If symptoms worsen immediately or if treatment is delayed, then the prognosis is poor.
PREVENTION
Prevent tetanus through vaccination is much better than cure. In children, the tetanus vaccine given as part of the DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus). Adults should receive a booster.
In a person who has a wound, if:
Has received a tetanus booster within the last 5 years, do not need to undergo further vaccination
Has never received a booster within the last 5 years, be vaccinated immediately
Never had to undergo vaccination or incomplete vaccination, given an injection of tetanus immunoglobulin and the first injection of vaccine 3 months.
Each wound (especially deep puncture wounds) should be cleaned thoroughly because dirt and dead tissue will facilitate the growth of the bacteria Clostridium tetanus.
Showing posts with label symptoms. Show all posts
Showing posts with label symptoms. Show all posts
Friday, November 18, 2011
Monday, November 7, 2011
Kidney stones causes and prevention
Kidney stones are often a frightening specter for each person. Moreover, this stone can cause kidney failure if treated too late.
Kidney stones are formed from a variety of substances. These stones are generally formed from calcium and oxalate. The amount was sometimes not just one. Could some of the stones with varying sizes. "Generally, these stones measuring between 7 to 10 cm. But there also can reach the size of 15 cm.
CAUSE
What caused the stone is still not known with certainty. There is an assumption if the diet is associated with increased risk of stone formation. For example excessive calcium intake may increase risk of kidney stones. But this is not true.
In fact there are people who are keeping the intake of calcium but still affected by kidney stones. While all those other people did not even hit mengasup calcium kidney stones.
The doctors suspect this is caused by genetic factors. Genetic abnormalities in patients who made her remove excess calcium or other substances that can form stones. So that these minerals precipitate in the kidney or in the urinary tract and into the stone.
HANDLING
Drink plenty of water is a way to help remove the stones that have broken through the urine.
If the size of the stone is too large it must be immediately removed. The way in which did not use surgery with large incisions. Nowadays stone removal can be done with laparaskopi technique, namely surgery with minimal incisions. Or it could be the technique of shock waves (ESWL), which would destroy the stone to be excreted through the urine.
PREVENTION
Although diet had little influence on the formation of kidney stones, a healthy lifestyle is recommended for every person who has been affected or not affected by kidney stones. Healthy lifestyle include diet, drink lots of water, and regular activity can prolong the process of formation and size of stones.
Kidney stones are formed from a variety of substances. These stones are generally formed from calcium and oxalate. The amount was sometimes not just one. Could some of the stones with varying sizes. "Generally, these stones measuring between 7 to 10 cm. But there also can reach the size of 15 cm.
CAUSE
What caused the stone is still not known with certainty. There is an assumption if the diet is associated with increased risk of stone formation. For example excessive calcium intake may increase risk of kidney stones. But this is not true.
In fact there are people who are keeping the intake of calcium but still affected by kidney stones. While all those other people did not even hit mengasup calcium kidney stones.
The doctors suspect this is caused by genetic factors. Genetic abnormalities in patients who made her remove excess calcium or other substances that can form stones. So that these minerals precipitate in the kidney or in the urinary tract and into the stone.
HANDLING
Drink plenty of water is a way to help remove the stones that have broken through the urine.
If the size of the stone is too large it must be immediately removed. The way in which did not use surgery with large incisions. Nowadays stone removal can be done with laparaskopi technique, namely surgery with minimal incisions. Or it could be the technique of shock waves (ESWL), which would destroy the stone to be excreted through the urine.
PREVENTION
Although diet had little influence on the formation of kidney stones, a healthy lifestyle is recommended for every person who has been affected or not affected by kidney stones. Healthy lifestyle include diet, drink lots of water, and regular activity can prolong the process of formation and size of stones.
Saturday, November 5, 2011
What is cancer symptoms ?
Initially, the cancer is small mass of cells, which do not produce any symptoms. As the growth of cancer, physical appearance can affect surrounding tissue. Also, some cancers, release certain substances or trigger immune reactions that cause symptoms in other parts of the body that are not close to the cancer (paraneoplastic syndrome).
Cancer affects nearby tissues by growing into or pushing the surrounding tissue, thereby irritating or pressing them. Irritation typically causes pain. Pressure can inhibit the network to perform their normal functions. For example, bladder cancer or cancer of the lymph nodes in the abdomen can suppress the tubes (ureters) that connect the kidneys to the bladder blocking the flow of urine.
Lung cancer may block the flow of air through the lungs, causing lung collapse and facilitate infection. In any cancer can suppress blood vessel, closing the bloodstream and cause bleeding. When cancer develops in areas with lots of space, as in the colon wall, it can not cause any symptoms until it becomes very large. In contrast, cancer develops in a more narrow space, such as the vocal cords can cause symptoms (such as raspy) when the cancer is still relatively small.
If a cancer spreads (metastasizes) to other body parts, the same local effect on the irritation and pressure occurs rapidly, but in a new location, these symptoms may be quite different. Cancers associated with the membrane that protects the lungs (pleura) or bag-like structure that surrounds the heart (pericardium) often secrete fluid, which accumulates around the organs, the buildup of fluids in large amounts can interfere with breathing or heart pumping.
Painful
Cancer is usually not painful at first. With the development of their first symptoms are often mild discomfort, which can be very severe pain can be increased as the enlargement of cancer. The pain can occur from pressure or landslides cancer into nerves or other structures. Nevertheless, not all cancers cause severe pain. By the same token, lack of pain does not guarantee that the cancer does not develop or spread.
Bleeding
Initially, the cancer can be a little bleeding from his cell does not stick well to each other and fragile blood vessels. Then, as the enlargement of the cancer and attack the tissues around, this could develop into a blood vessel in the vicinity, causing bleeding. The bleeding is probably lighter and not be detected or be detected only by testing. As is often the case in the first stage of colon cancer. Or, especially with advanced cancer, bleeding may be more significant, even major and life threatening.
The location of the cancer to make sure the location of the bleeding. Cancer anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract can cause bleeding in the stool. Cancer anywhere along the urinary tract can cause bleeding in the urine. Other cancers can bleed into the inside of the body. Bleeding into the lungs can cause the person to cough up blood.
Weight Loss and Fatigue
Generally, a person with cancer may experience weight loss and fatigue, which could get worse as the cancer advances. Some people claim to lose weight despite good appetite. Others lose their appetite and even nausea by food or have difficulty swallowing. They can be thin; loss of underlying fat, especially visible on the face. People with advanced cancer are often very tired and slept many hours a day. If anemia is formed, this person could find that they feel tired or become short of breath with even mild activity.
Swollen Lymph Nodes
As represented in the cancer began to spread around the body, it was the first time can spread to nearby lymph nodes, become swollen. Swollen lymph nodes that may not be painful or light, and feels hard and rubbery. They were easily removed, or, if the cancer is more advanced they can jam on the overlying skin, to the deeper layers in the network below, or both.
Depression
Cancer often results in depression. Depression can be associated with symptoms of pain, fear of dying, or loss of freedom. In addition, some cancers can produce substances that directly cause depression by affecting the brain.
Neurological symptoms and muscular
Cancer can develop into natural or compress nerves, causing some of the symptoms of nerve and muscle diseases, including changes in sensation (such as tingling) or weakness of muscles. When cancer develops in the brain, symptoms may show symptoms appropriately, firmly but can include headache, dizziness, headache, nausea, changes in vision, and seizures. Neurological symptoms can also be part of Paraneoplastic Syndrome.
Respiratory symptoms
Cancer can suppress or block structures, such as the airways in the lungs, causing difficulty breathing, coughing, or pneumonia. Breathing difficulties can also occur when the cancer causing huge plural effusion, hemorrhage into Kriya lungs, or anemia.
Cancer affects nearby tissues by growing into or pushing the surrounding tissue, thereby irritating or pressing them. Irritation typically causes pain. Pressure can inhibit the network to perform their normal functions. For example, bladder cancer or cancer of the lymph nodes in the abdomen can suppress the tubes (ureters) that connect the kidneys to the bladder blocking the flow of urine.
Lung cancer may block the flow of air through the lungs, causing lung collapse and facilitate infection. In any cancer can suppress blood vessel, closing the bloodstream and cause bleeding. When cancer develops in areas with lots of space, as in the colon wall, it can not cause any symptoms until it becomes very large. In contrast, cancer develops in a more narrow space, such as the vocal cords can cause symptoms (such as raspy) when the cancer is still relatively small.
If a cancer spreads (metastasizes) to other body parts, the same local effect on the irritation and pressure occurs rapidly, but in a new location, these symptoms may be quite different. Cancers associated with the membrane that protects the lungs (pleura) or bag-like structure that surrounds the heart (pericardium) often secrete fluid, which accumulates around the organs, the buildup of fluids in large amounts can interfere with breathing or heart pumping.
Painful
Cancer is usually not painful at first. With the development of their first symptoms are often mild discomfort, which can be very severe pain can be increased as the enlargement of cancer. The pain can occur from pressure or landslides cancer into nerves or other structures. Nevertheless, not all cancers cause severe pain. By the same token, lack of pain does not guarantee that the cancer does not develop or spread.
Bleeding
Initially, the cancer can be a little bleeding from his cell does not stick well to each other and fragile blood vessels. Then, as the enlargement of the cancer and attack the tissues around, this could develop into a blood vessel in the vicinity, causing bleeding. The bleeding is probably lighter and not be detected or be detected only by testing. As is often the case in the first stage of colon cancer. Or, especially with advanced cancer, bleeding may be more significant, even major and life threatening.
The location of the cancer to make sure the location of the bleeding. Cancer anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract can cause bleeding in the stool. Cancer anywhere along the urinary tract can cause bleeding in the urine. Other cancers can bleed into the inside of the body. Bleeding into the lungs can cause the person to cough up blood.
Weight Loss and Fatigue
Generally, a person with cancer may experience weight loss and fatigue, which could get worse as the cancer advances. Some people claim to lose weight despite good appetite. Others lose their appetite and even nausea by food or have difficulty swallowing. They can be thin; loss of underlying fat, especially visible on the face. People with advanced cancer are often very tired and slept many hours a day. If anemia is formed, this person could find that they feel tired or become short of breath with even mild activity.
Swollen Lymph Nodes
As represented in the cancer began to spread around the body, it was the first time can spread to nearby lymph nodes, become swollen. Swollen lymph nodes that may not be painful or light, and feels hard and rubbery. They were easily removed, or, if the cancer is more advanced they can jam on the overlying skin, to the deeper layers in the network below, or both.
Depression
Cancer often results in depression. Depression can be associated with symptoms of pain, fear of dying, or loss of freedom. In addition, some cancers can produce substances that directly cause depression by affecting the brain.
Neurological symptoms and muscular
Cancer can develop into natural or compress nerves, causing some of the symptoms of nerve and muscle diseases, including changes in sensation (such as tingling) or weakness of muscles. When cancer develops in the brain, symptoms may show symptoms appropriately, firmly but can include headache, dizziness, headache, nausea, changes in vision, and seizures. Neurological symptoms can also be part of Paraneoplastic Syndrome.
Respiratory symptoms
Cancer can suppress or block structures, such as the airways in the lungs, causing difficulty breathing, coughing, or pneumonia. Breathing difficulties can also occur when the cancer causing huge plural effusion, hemorrhage into Kriya lungs, or anemia.
Sunday, October 23, 2011
More young people get hypertension easily
Hypertension or high blood pressure is a common disease with age. However, this disease now affects more and more young people. In America, about 1 in 5 people aged less than 35 years suffering from hypertension.
Because it does not cause symptoms, many people overlook hypertension. In fact, the disease is closely related to heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure.
The study, conducted the National Institutes of Health America of 14,000 people aged 24-32 years found 19 percent of respondents suffer from high blood pressure.
The cause of hypertension is generally difficult to determine and state is associated with a family history of hypertension. That's why the habit of blood pressure checked regularly is a good habit to health.
Although hypertension drugs increasingly advanced, primary hypertension therapy always begins with lifestyle modification that includes meal arrangements, avoiding excessive salt intake, and exercise regularly. If this Nonpharmacologic attempts do not succeed, used a new hypertension drug.
Because it does not cause symptoms, many people overlook hypertension. In fact, the disease is closely related to heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure.
The study, conducted the National Institutes of Health America of 14,000 people aged 24-32 years found 19 percent of respondents suffer from high blood pressure.
The cause of hypertension is generally difficult to determine and state is associated with a family history of hypertension. That's why the habit of blood pressure checked regularly is a good habit to health.
Although hypertension drugs increasingly advanced, primary hypertension therapy always begins with lifestyle modification that includes meal arrangements, avoiding excessive salt intake, and exercise regularly. If this Nonpharmacologic attempts do not succeed, used a new hypertension drug.
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