Lymphadenitis is the inflammation of one or several lymph nodes.
CAUSE
Lymphadenitis may be caused by infections from various organisms, namely bacteria, viruses, protozoan, rickettsial, or fungal. In particular, the infection spreads to the lymph nodes of skin infections, ear, nose or eyes.
SYMPTOMS
Lymph nodes are infected will usually palpable enlarged and tender and painful. Sometimes the skin above it looks red and warm.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms. To help determine the cause, can do a biopsy (removal of tissue for examination under a microscope).
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on the causative organism. For bacterial infection, antibiotics are usually given by mouth (orally) or intravenously (through veins).
To help reduce the pain, the affected lymph nodes can be compressed warm. Usually if the infection has been treated, the glands will shrink slowly and the pain will disappear. Sometimes the enlarged glands remain hard and no longer feels soft to the touch.
PREVENTION
Maintaining health and hygiene can help prevent body infections.
Friday, November 18, 2011
Thursday, November 17, 2011
What is Eritrasma ?
Eritrasma is an infection of the upper layer of the skin caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum.
CAUSE
Bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum. Eritrasma lot of attacking adults and diabetics; most commonly found in the tropics.
SYMPTOMS
Often found in areas where skin contact with the skin, for example, under the breasts and armpits, between toes and the genital area (especially in men, where the scrotum touches the thigh). The infection causes the formation of patches of pink with irregular shapes, which will then be turned into fine scales brown.
In some patients, the infection spreads to the torso and anal region. Can arise that are mild itching.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms. The bacteria will emit red light when illuminated with Wood's lamp (ultraviolet light). Bacteria can also be cultured from samples of infected skin.
TREATMENT
Infection can be treated with erythromycin or Tetracycline. Can be aided by the use of anti-bacterial soap.
PREVENTION
Some actions can be done to reduce the risk of eritrasma:
* Maintain cleanliness of body
* Keeping the skin remains dry
* Use clean clothes with a material that absorbs sweat
* Avoid excessive heat or humidity.
CAUSE
Bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum. Eritrasma lot of attacking adults and diabetics; most commonly found in the tropics.
SYMPTOMS
Often found in areas where skin contact with the skin, for example, under the breasts and armpits, between toes and the genital area (especially in men, where the scrotum touches the thigh). The infection causes the formation of patches of pink with irregular shapes, which will then be turned into fine scales brown.
In some patients, the infection spreads to the torso and anal region. Can arise that are mild itching.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms. The bacteria will emit red light when illuminated with Wood's lamp (ultraviolet light). Bacteria can also be cultured from samples of infected skin.
TREATMENT
Infection can be treated with erythromycin or Tetracycline. Can be aided by the use of anti-bacterial soap.
PREVENTION
Some actions can be done to reduce the risk of eritrasma:
* Maintain cleanliness of body
* Keeping the skin remains dry
* Use clean clothes with a material that absorbs sweat
* Avoid excessive heat or humidity.
Saturday, November 12, 2011
What is epidermal cyst ?
epidermal cyst is a lump that develops slowly consisting of a thin sac on the skin contain ingredients such as cheese-like substance in the skin secretions.
Epidermal cysts, often wrongly referred to as sebaceous cysts, are flesh-colored with a length ranging from ½ to 2 inches across. They had to look anywhere but most commonly on the scalp, back and face. They tend to be robust and easy to move inside the skin. Cysts epiderma tasteless sick until they become infected or inflamed.
TREATMENT
Large epidermal cyst removed surgically after the anesthesia is injected into the areas that stand out. The walls are thin sacs or cysts should be completely removed will grow back. Cysts are less likely to be injected with corticosteroids if they become inflamed. Small cysts that interfere can be burned with an electric needle.
PREVENTION
Because the sun can stimulate the growth of epidermal cyst, people with light skin rather advised to avoid the sun and to use protective clothing and sunscreen.
Epidermal cysts, often wrongly referred to as sebaceous cysts, are flesh-colored with a length ranging from ½ to 2 inches across. They had to look anywhere but most commonly on the scalp, back and face. They tend to be robust and easy to move inside the skin. Cysts epiderma tasteless sick until they become infected or inflamed.
TREATMENT
Large epidermal cyst removed surgically after the anesthesia is injected into the areas that stand out. The walls are thin sacs or cysts should be completely removed will grow back. Cysts are less likely to be injected with corticosteroids if they become inflamed. Small cysts that interfere can be burned with an electric needle.
PREVENTION
Because the sun can stimulate the growth of epidermal cyst, people with light skin rather advised to avoid the sun and to use protective clothing and sunscreen.
Sistosarkoma Filodes symptoms,cause and prevention
Sistosarkoma Filodes is a kind of benign breast tumors are relatively rare and can develop into malignancies. These tumors rarely spread to other areas, but after surgery tend to re-grow in the same place.
1% of the tumors in the breast is a tumor filodes. These tumors usually affects women aged 50 years.
CAUSE
The cause is unknown.
SYMPTOMS
These tumors have a strict limit, slippery and easily moved. The size is relatively large, have an average diameter of 5 cm. The skin above it looks shiny and slightly transparent so that the blood vessels visible beneath it.
The spread of tumors (metastases) most often occur to the lungs, bones, heart and day. If the tumor has spread, the patient will experience shortness of breath, fatigue and bone pain. The symptoms of the spread of tumors usually appear within a few months, but may not occur within 12 years after treatment. Most patients who have metastases will die within 3 years after treatment.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms, physical examination results and the results of breast biopsy.
TREATMENT
Usually the removal of the tumor and surrounding normal tissue in large enough quantities (wide excision).
If the tumor is large or showed malignancy, then performed a mastectomy simplex (removal of entire breast, leaving the underlying muscles and skin are sufficient to cover the surgical wound).
1% of the tumors in the breast is a tumor filodes. These tumors usually affects women aged 50 years.
CAUSE
The cause is unknown.
SYMPTOMS
These tumors have a strict limit, slippery and easily moved. The size is relatively large, have an average diameter of 5 cm. The skin above it looks shiny and slightly transparent so that the blood vessels visible beneath it.
The spread of tumors (metastases) most often occur to the lungs, bones, heart and day. If the tumor has spread, the patient will experience shortness of breath, fatigue and bone pain. The symptoms of the spread of tumors usually appear within a few months, but may not occur within 12 years after treatment. Most patients who have metastases will die within 3 years after treatment.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms, physical examination results and the results of breast biopsy.
TREATMENT
Usually the removal of the tumor and surrounding normal tissue in large enough quantities (wide excision).
If the tumor is large or showed malignancy, then performed a mastectomy simplex (removal of entire breast, leaving the underlying muscles and skin are sufficient to cover the surgical wound).
What is Cystitis infection ?
Cystitis is an infection of the bladder. Bladder infection commonly occurs in women, especially in the reproductive period. Some women suffer from recurrent bladder infections.
CAUSE
Bacteria from the vagina can move from the urethra into the bladder. Women often suffer from bladder infections after sexual intercourse, possibly because of urethral injury during sexual intercourse. Sometimes recurrent bladder infections in women occur due to the abnormal relationship between the bladder and vagina (fistula vesicovaginal).
Bladder infections are rare in men and usually begins as an infection of the urethra that moves into the prostate and the bladder. In addition, bladder infections can occur due to catheter or device used during surgery. The most common cause of recurrent bladder infections in men are prostate infection caused by bacteria that are settled. Antibiotics will soon wipe out the bacteria from the urine in the bladder, but antibiotics can not penetrate the prostate well so it can not relieve the infection in the prostate. Therefore, if the use of antibiotics is stopped, the bacteria inside the prostate will tend to re-infect the bladder.
Abnormal relationship between the bladder and colon (fistula vesicoenteric) sometimes causes the gas-forming bacteria enter and grow in the bladder. These infections can cause air bubbles in the urine (pneumaturia).
SYMPTOMS
Bladder infections usually cause the urge to urinate and a burning sensation or pain during urination. Pain is usually felt above the pubic bone and is often also felt in the lower back. Other symptoms are nocturia (frequent urination at night). The urine looks cloudy and contain blood.
Sometimes bladder infections cause no symptoms and unknown at the time of examination of urine (urinalysis for other reasons.) Cystitis with no symptoms are especially common in the elderly, who may suffer from incontinence uri as a result.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on typical symptoms. Taken midstream urine samples (midstream), so that urine is not contaminated by bacteria from the vagina or tip of the penis. The urine is then examined under a microscope to see any red blood cells or white blood cells or other substances. And made a head count of bacteria cultured to determine the type of bacteria. If infection occurs, it is usually a type of bacteria found in significant amounts.
In men, urine flow was usually sufficient for diagnosis. In women, urine samples are sometimes contaminated by bacteria from the vagina, so that urine samples should be taken directly from the bladder using a catheter.
Other tests are performed to help establish the diagnosis of cystitis are:
- X-rays, to describe the kidneys, ureters and bladder
- Sistouretrografi, to know of any backflow of urine from the bladder and urethral stricture
- Uretrogram retrograde, to find out the narrowing, diverticula or fistula
- Cystoscopy, to see the bladder directly with fiber optics.
CAUSE
Bacteria from the vagina can move from the urethra into the bladder. Women often suffer from bladder infections after sexual intercourse, possibly because of urethral injury during sexual intercourse. Sometimes recurrent bladder infections in women occur due to the abnormal relationship between the bladder and vagina (fistula vesicovaginal).
Bladder infections are rare in men and usually begins as an infection of the urethra that moves into the prostate and the bladder. In addition, bladder infections can occur due to catheter or device used during surgery. The most common cause of recurrent bladder infections in men are prostate infection caused by bacteria that are settled. Antibiotics will soon wipe out the bacteria from the urine in the bladder, but antibiotics can not penetrate the prostate well so it can not relieve the infection in the prostate. Therefore, if the use of antibiotics is stopped, the bacteria inside the prostate will tend to re-infect the bladder.
Abnormal relationship between the bladder and colon (fistula vesicoenteric) sometimes causes the gas-forming bacteria enter and grow in the bladder. These infections can cause air bubbles in the urine (pneumaturia).
SYMPTOMS
Bladder infections usually cause the urge to urinate and a burning sensation or pain during urination. Pain is usually felt above the pubic bone and is often also felt in the lower back. Other symptoms are nocturia (frequent urination at night). The urine looks cloudy and contain blood.
Sometimes bladder infections cause no symptoms and unknown at the time of examination of urine (urinalysis for other reasons.) Cystitis with no symptoms are especially common in the elderly, who may suffer from incontinence uri as a result.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on typical symptoms. Taken midstream urine samples (midstream), so that urine is not contaminated by bacteria from the vagina or tip of the penis. The urine is then examined under a microscope to see any red blood cells or white blood cells or other substances. And made a head count of bacteria cultured to determine the type of bacteria. If infection occurs, it is usually a type of bacteria found in significant amounts.
In men, urine flow was usually sufficient for diagnosis. In women, urine samples are sometimes contaminated by bacteria from the vagina, so that urine samples should be taken directly from the bladder using a catheter.
Other tests are performed to help establish the diagnosis of cystitis are:
- X-rays, to describe the kidneys, ureters and bladder
- Sistouretrografi, to know of any backflow of urine from the bladder and urethral stricture
- Uretrogram retrograde, to find out the narrowing, diverticula or fistula
- Cystoscopy, to see the bladder directly with fiber optics.
What is krup Laringotrakeobronkitis ?
Krup (Laringotrakeobronkitis) is a viral infection that causes inflammation and swelling of the upper respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, and bronchi). Krup is characterized by dry cough and shortness of breath.
CAUSE
Krup is usually caused by para-influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses A and B. The virus is commonly found in the air and spread by splashing saliva or through objects contaminated by the saliva of the patient. Krup most often found in children aged 6 months - 3 years.
In severe cases, can occur by bacterial superinfection. This condition is called bacterial tracheitis and should be treated with antibiotics. If there is infection of the epiglottis, the entire windpipe can swell and can be fatal.
SYMPTOMS
Krup usually begins with flu-like symptoms. Swelling of the respiratory tract and the airways tightens so that the patient suffered respiratory distress. Respiratory problems, dry cough, and hoarseness, usually first appear during the night. Respiratory disorders cause the child awoke from his sleep. Breathing becomes rapid and deep, and half the patients experienced fever. Will improve the situation of children in the morning, but worsened again in the evening.
Krup usually lasts for 3-4 days. Krup is often called krup spasmodic recurrences, which may caused by allergies, but it is usually preceded by a viral infection.
Other symptoms that may be found:
- Stridor (high pitched breath sounds),
- Cyanosis (bluish skin color from lack of oxygen),
- Intercostal retractions (increased use of the muscles of the neck and chest in an effort to breathe).
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination results indicate the presence of intercostal retraction when the child inhales. Examination with a stethoscope showed wheezing (wheezing breath sounds), the phase of inspiration (air inhalation) and expiration (blowing air) are elongated and reduced breathing sounds. Neck x-rays can show narrowing of the trachea.
TREATMENT
If the disease is mild, the child does not need to be hospitalized. At home can use a humidifier to moisten the air and the child should drink plenty of fluids and adequate rest.
If disease is severe, usually children treated at the hospital and get extra oxygen. To help his breathing could be placed on a ventilator. Ultrasonic nebulizer can reduce the amount of mucus that reach the lower respiratory tract and reduces the viscosity of mucus so it is more easily removed by coughing.
Bronchodilators (drugs to dilate the airways) can be inhaled through a nebulizer so that the child breathe more easily. As an initial treatment in severe krup, given corticosteroids (but this is still controversial). If there is bacterial infection, antibiotics are given.
CAUSE
Krup is usually caused by para-influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses A and B. The virus is commonly found in the air and spread by splashing saliva or through objects contaminated by the saliva of the patient. Krup most often found in children aged 6 months - 3 years.
In severe cases, can occur by bacterial superinfection. This condition is called bacterial tracheitis and should be treated with antibiotics. If there is infection of the epiglottis, the entire windpipe can swell and can be fatal.
SYMPTOMS
Krup usually begins with flu-like symptoms. Swelling of the respiratory tract and the airways tightens so that the patient suffered respiratory distress. Respiratory problems, dry cough, and hoarseness, usually first appear during the night. Respiratory disorders cause the child awoke from his sleep. Breathing becomes rapid and deep, and half the patients experienced fever. Will improve the situation of children in the morning, but worsened again in the evening.
Krup usually lasts for 3-4 days. Krup is often called krup spasmodic recurrences, which may caused by allergies, but it is usually preceded by a viral infection.
Other symptoms that may be found:
- Stridor (high pitched breath sounds),
- Cyanosis (bluish skin color from lack of oxygen),
- Intercostal retractions (increased use of the muscles of the neck and chest in an effort to breathe).
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination results indicate the presence of intercostal retraction when the child inhales. Examination with a stethoscope showed wheezing (wheezing breath sounds), the phase of inspiration (air inhalation) and expiration (blowing air) are elongated and reduced breathing sounds. Neck x-rays can show narrowing of the trachea.
TREATMENT
If the disease is mild, the child does not need to be hospitalized. At home can use a humidifier to moisten the air and the child should drink plenty of fluids and adequate rest.
If disease is severe, usually children treated at the hospital and get extra oxygen. To help his breathing could be placed on a ventilator. Ultrasonic nebulizer can reduce the amount of mucus that reach the lower respiratory tract and reduces the viscosity of mucus so it is more easily removed by coughing.
Bronchodilators (drugs to dilate the airways) can be inhaled through a nebulizer so that the child breathe more easily. As an initial treatment in severe krup, given corticosteroids (but this is still controversial). If there is bacterial infection, antibiotics are given.
Symptoms and prevention of Ascites
Ascites is a collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity.
CAUSE
Ascites tends to occur in chronic disease (chronic). Most often occurs in cirrhosis, especially those diisebabkan by alcoholism. Ascites can also occur in non-liver disease, such as cancer, heart failure, kidney failure and tuberculosis.
In patients with liver disease, fluid seeping from the surface of the liver and intestine. This is influenced by factors as follows: - portal hypertension
- Decreased ability of blood vessels to retain fluid
- Fluid retention by the kidneys
- Changes in various hormones and chemicals that regulate bodily fluids.
The cause of ascites:
Abnormalities in liver
- Cirrhosis, mainly caused by alcoholism
- Alcoholic hepatitis without cirrhosis
- Chronic hepatitis
- Blockage of the hepatic vein
Abnormalities outside the liver
- Heart failure
- Kidney failure, especially nephrotic syndrome
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Carcinomatosis, where the cancer spreads to the abdominal cavity
- Reduced activity of the thyroid
- Inflammation of the pancreas.
SYMPTOMS
If the amount of fluid collected is not too much, usually have no symptoms. The amount of fluid that very much can cause abdominal swelling and discomfort, and shortness of breath. The amount of fluid that very much, causing tense abdomen and the navel becomes flat, and even pushed out. In some patients, also swollen ankles (edema).
Diagnosis
On examination the abdomen percussion, sound will be dull (muffled). Ultrasound is used to determine the presence of ascites and find the cause. Parasintesis diagnostics performed to obtain fluid samples will then be examined in the laboratory.
TREATMENT
Basic treatment of ascites is bed rest and a diet low in salt, which is usually combined with diuretics to fluids is excreted through the kidneys more numerous. If there is shortness of breath or difficulty eating, do parasintesis therapeutic, where the needle is inserted to drain fluids that accumulate. But the fluid tends to be collected again, if not given diuretics.
A large number of albumin often go wasted into the stomach fluid, so it may take delivery of albumin intravenously (through veins). Sometimes an infection in ascites fluid, particularly in alcoholic cirrhosis. This infection is called spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, were treated with antibiotics.
CAUSE
Ascites tends to occur in chronic disease (chronic). Most often occurs in cirrhosis, especially those diisebabkan by alcoholism. Ascites can also occur in non-liver disease, such as cancer, heart failure, kidney failure and tuberculosis.
In patients with liver disease, fluid seeping from the surface of the liver and intestine. This is influenced by factors as follows: - portal hypertension
- Decreased ability of blood vessels to retain fluid
- Fluid retention by the kidneys
- Changes in various hormones and chemicals that regulate bodily fluids.
The cause of ascites:
Abnormalities in liver
- Cirrhosis, mainly caused by alcoholism
- Alcoholic hepatitis without cirrhosis
- Chronic hepatitis
- Blockage of the hepatic vein
Abnormalities outside the liver
- Heart failure
- Kidney failure, especially nephrotic syndrome
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Carcinomatosis, where the cancer spreads to the abdominal cavity
- Reduced activity of the thyroid
- Inflammation of the pancreas.
SYMPTOMS
If the amount of fluid collected is not too much, usually have no symptoms. The amount of fluid that very much can cause abdominal swelling and discomfort, and shortness of breath. The amount of fluid that very much, causing tense abdomen and the navel becomes flat, and even pushed out. In some patients, also swollen ankles (edema).
Diagnosis
On examination the abdomen percussion, sound will be dull (muffled). Ultrasound is used to determine the presence of ascites and find the cause. Parasintesis diagnostics performed to obtain fluid samples will then be examined in the laboratory.
TREATMENT
Basic treatment of ascites is bed rest and a diet low in salt, which is usually combined with diuretics to fluids is excreted through the kidneys more numerous. If there is shortness of breath or difficulty eating, do parasintesis therapeutic, where the needle is inserted to drain fluids that accumulate. But the fluid tends to be collected again, if not given diuretics.
A large number of albumin often go wasted into the stomach fluid, so it may take delivery of albumin intravenously (through veins). Sometimes an infection in ascites fluid, particularly in alcoholic cirrhosis. This infection is called spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, were treated with antibiotics.
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