Bursitis is inflammation of the bursa is accompanied by pain. Bursa is a flat bag containing synovial fluid, which facilitates normal movement of several joints in the muscles and reduce friction. Bursa is located on the side friction, especially in places where tendons or muscles pass through the bone.
Under normal circumstances, a stock contains very little fluid. But if the injured, the bursa become inflamed and filled with fluid.
CAUSE
The cause is often unknown, but the bursitis can be caused by:
- Excessive use of over the years
- Injury
- Gout
- Pseudogout
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Infections.
The most susceptible to bursitis are the shoulders, other body parts that may be affected are the elbow bursitis, hip, pelvis, knees, toes and heels.
SYMPTOMS
Bursitis causes pain and tend to restrict movement, but the specific symptoms depend on the location of the inflamed bursa. If the inflamed bursa in the shoulder, then if the patient raised his arm to wear clothes will have trouble and pain.
Acute bursitis occurs suddenly. If touched or moved, there will be pain in the inflamed area. Skin over the bursa may redden and swell. Acute bursitis is caused by an infection or gout causes tremendous pain and the affected area looks red and warm.
Chronic bursitis is a result of previous attacks of acute bursitis or repeated injuries. In the end, the wall will thicken the stock and in it accumulated solid calcium deposits that resemble limestone. Exchanges that have been damaged very sensitive to additional inflammation. Chronic pain and swelling can restrict movement, thereby experiencing muscle shrinkage (atrophy) and become weak.
Chronic bursitis attacks lasted for several days to several weeks and often recur.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination. The area around the bursa painful when touched, and the movement of certain joints causes pain. If the stock looks swollen, fluid samples can be taken from the stock exchange and examination of the fluid to determine the cause of inflammation.
TREATMENT
The infected bursa must be drained and antibiotics administered. Acute non-infectious bursitis is usually treated with rest, which temporarily affected joints are not moved and was given a non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (eg indomethacin, ibuprofen or naproxen)
Sometimes given pain medication. Besides it can be injected a mixture of local anesthetics and corticosteroids directly into the bursa. These injections may need to be more than 1 time.
In severe bursitis given corticosteroids (eg prednisone) by mouth (swallowed) for several days. After the pain subsided, it is recommended to perform specific exercises to improve joint coverage.
Chronic bursitis is treated the same way. Sometimes a large calcium deposits in the shoulder can be removed through a needle or through surgery. Corticosteroids can be injected directly into the joint. Physical therapy is performed to restore joint function. Exercise can help restore muscle strength and joint coverage. Bursitis often recur if the cause (eg gout, rheumatoid arthritis or overuse) is not resolved.
Friday, November 18, 2011
Tetanus symptoms and prevention
Tetanus (lockjaw) is a disease caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetanus. Also called lockjaw because of muscle spasms in the jaw. Tetanus are found in developing countries.
CAUSE
An-aerobic bacteria Clostridium tetanus. Of Clostridium tetanus spores can live for years in soil and animal feces. If the tetanus bacteria enter the human body, infection can occur either into the scars and wounds in the shallows. After the birth process, infection can occur in the mother's womb and navel newborn (neonatal tetanus).
Which causes the onset of symptoms of infection are poisons produced by bacteria, not bacteria.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms usually appear within 5-10 days after infection, but can also occur within 2 days or 50 days after infection. The most common symptom is stiffness of the jaw. Other symptoms of anxiety, impaired swallowing, headache, fever, sore throat, chills, muscle spasms and a stiff neck, arms and legs.
Patients may have difficulty in opening the jaw (trismus). Spasms in the muscles of facial expression causes sufferers like grin with eyebrows raised. Stiffness or spasm muscles of the abdomen, neck and back can cause the patient's head and pulled back heel while his body bent forward. Sphincter muscle spasms in the lower abdomen can cause constipation and urine retention.
Minor disturbances, such as noise, air flow or shock, can trigger muscle spasms are accompanied by pain and excessive sweating. During the convulsions the whole body occurs, the patient can not speak because his chest muscle stiffness or spasm of the throat. It also causes respiratory problems resulting in lack of oxygen.
Usually no fever. Breathe pace and heart rate and reflexes are usually increased. Tetanus can also be limited to a group of muscles around the wound. Seizures around the wound may persist for several weeks.
Diagnosis
Allegedly a case of tetanus muscle stiffness or spasms in someone who has a wound. To confirm the diagnosis can be done culturing bacteria from wound swabs.
TREATMENT
To neutralize the poison, administered tetanus immunoglobulin. Tetrasiklintetrasiklin and penicillin antibiotics given to prevent further formation of toxins.
Other drugs may be given to calm the patient, controlling convulsions and relax muscles. Patients are usually hospitalized and placed in a quiet room. For moderate to severe infections, may need a ventilator to assist breathing. Food is given through an IV or a nasogastric tube. To remove dirt, mounted catheter. The patient should lie alternately tilted to the left or right and was forced to cough to prevent pneumonia.
To reduce pain are given codeine. Other drugs may be given to control blood pressure and heart rate. After recovering, should be given full vaccination for tetanus infection does not confer immunity against subsequent infections.
Prognosis
Tetanus has a mortality rate of up to 50%. Usually the deaths occur in people who are very young, very old and injecting drug users. If symptoms worsen immediately or if treatment is delayed, then the prognosis is poor.
PREVENTION
Prevent tetanus through vaccination is much better than cure. In children, the tetanus vaccine given as part of the DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus). Adults should receive a booster.
In a person who has a wound, if:
Has received a tetanus booster within the last 5 years, do not need to undergo further vaccination
Has never received a booster within the last 5 years, be vaccinated immediately
Never had to undergo vaccination or incomplete vaccination, given an injection of tetanus immunoglobulin and the first injection of vaccine 3 months.
Each wound (especially deep puncture wounds) should be cleaned thoroughly because dirt and dead tissue will facilitate the growth of the bacteria Clostridium tetanus.
CAUSE
An-aerobic bacteria Clostridium tetanus. Of Clostridium tetanus spores can live for years in soil and animal feces. If the tetanus bacteria enter the human body, infection can occur either into the scars and wounds in the shallows. After the birth process, infection can occur in the mother's womb and navel newborn (neonatal tetanus).
Which causes the onset of symptoms of infection are poisons produced by bacteria, not bacteria.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms usually appear within 5-10 days after infection, but can also occur within 2 days or 50 days after infection. The most common symptom is stiffness of the jaw. Other symptoms of anxiety, impaired swallowing, headache, fever, sore throat, chills, muscle spasms and a stiff neck, arms and legs.
Patients may have difficulty in opening the jaw (trismus). Spasms in the muscles of facial expression causes sufferers like grin with eyebrows raised. Stiffness or spasm muscles of the abdomen, neck and back can cause the patient's head and pulled back heel while his body bent forward. Sphincter muscle spasms in the lower abdomen can cause constipation and urine retention.
Minor disturbances, such as noise, air flow or shock, can trigger muscle spasms are accompanied by pain and excessive sweating. During the convulsions the whole body occurs, the patient can not speak because his chest muscle stiffness or spasm of the throat. It also causes respiratory problems resulting in lack of oxygen.
Usually no fever. Breathe pace and heart rate and reflexes are usually increased. Tetanus can also be limited to a group of muscles around the wound. Seizures around the wound may persist for several weeks.
Diagnosis
Allegedly a case of tetanus muscle stiffness or spasms in someone who has a wound. To confirm the diagnosis can be done culturing bacteria from wound swabs.
TREATMENT
To neutralize the poison, administered tetanus immunoglobulin. Tetrasiklintetrasiklin and penicillin antibiotics given to prevent further formation of toxins.
Other drugs may be given to calm the patient, controlling convulsions and relax muscles. Patients are usually hospitalized and placed in a quiet room. For moderate to severe infections, may need a ventilator to assist breathing. Food is given through an IV or a nasogastric tube. To remove dirt, mounted catheter. The patient should lie alternately tilted to the left or right and was forced to cough to prevent pneumonia.
To reduce pain are given codeine. Other drugs may be given to control blood pressure and heart rate. After recovering, should be given full vaccination for tetanus infection does not confer immunity against subsequent infections.
Prognosis
Tetanus has a mortality rate of up to 50%. Usually the deaths occur in people who are very young, very old and injecting drug users. If symptoms worsen immediately or if treatment is delayed, then the prognosis is poor.
PREVENTION
Prevent tetanus through vaccination is much better than cure. In children, the tetanus vaccine given as part of the DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus). Adults should receive a booster.
In a person who has a wound, if:
Has received a tetanus booster within the last 5 years, do not need to undergo further vaccination
Has never received a booster within the last 5 years, be vaccinated immediately
Never had to undergo vaccination or incomplete vaccination, given an injection of tetanus immunoglobulin and the first injection of vaccine 3 months.
Each wound (especially deep puncture wounds) should be cleaned thoroughly because dirt and dead tissue will facilitate the growth of the bacteria Clostridium tetanus.
What is Lymphadenitis ?
Lymphadenitis is the inflammation of one or several lymph nodes.
CAUSE
Lymphadenitis may be caused by infections from various organisms, namely bacteria, viruses, protozoan, rickettsial, or fungal. In particular, the infection spreads to the lymph nodes of skin infections, ear, nose or eyes.
SYMPTOMS
Lymph nodes are infected will usually palpable enlarged and tender and painful. Sometimes the skin above it looks red and warm.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms. To help determine the cause, can do a biopsy (removal of tissue for examination under a microscope).
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on the causative organism. For bacterial infection, antibiotics are usually given by mouth (orally) or intravenously (through veins).
To help reduce the pain, the affected lymph nodes can be compressed warm. Usually if the infection has been treated, the glands will shrink slowly and the pain will disappear. Sometimes the enlarged glands remain hard and no longer feels soft to the touch.
PREVENTION
Maintaining health and hygiene can help prevent body infections.
CAUSE
Lymphadenitis may be caused by infections from various organisms, namely bacteria, viruses, protozoan, rickettsial, or fungal. In particular, the infection spreads to the lymph nodes of skin infections, ear, nose or eyes.
SYMPTOMS
Lymph nodes are infected will usually palpable enlarged and tender and painful. Sometimes the skin above it looks red and warm.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms. To help determine the cause, can do a biopsy (removal of tissue for examination under a microscope).
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on the causative organism. For bacterial infection, antibiotics are usually given by mouth (orally) or intravenously (through veins).
To help reduce the pain, the affected lymph nodes can be compressed warm. Usually if the infection has been treated, the glands will shrink slowly and the pain will disappear. Sometimes the enlarged glands remain hard and no longer feels soft to the touch.
PREVENTION
Maintaining health and hygiene can help prevent body infections.
Thursday, November 17, 2011
What is Eritrasma ?
Eritrasma is an infection of the upper layer of the skin caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum.
CAUSE
Bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum. Eritrasma lot of attacking adults and diabetics; most commonly found in the tropics.
SYMPTOMS
Often found in areas where skin contact with the skin, for example, under the breasts and armpits, between toes and the genital area (especially in men, where the scrotum touches the thigh). The infection causes the formation of patches of pink with irregular shapes, which will then be turned into fine scales brown.
In some patients, the infection spreads to the torso and anal region. Can arise that are mild itching.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms. The bacteria will emit red light when illuminated with Wood's lamp (ultraviolet light). Bacteria can also be cultured from samples of infected skin.
TREATMENT
Infection can be treated with erythromycin or Tetracycline. Can be aided by the use of anti-bacterial soap.
PREVENTION
Some actions can be done to reduce the risk of eritrasma:
* Maintain cleanliness of body
* Keeping the skin remains dry
* Use clean clothes with a material that absorbs sweat
* Avoid excessive heat or humidity.
CAUSE
Bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum. Eritrasma lot of attacking adults and diabetics; most commonly found in the tropics.
SYMPTOMS
Often found in areas where skin contact with the skin, for example, under the breasts and armpits, between toes and the genital area (especially in men, where the scrotum touches the thigh). The infection causes the formation of patches of pink with irregular shapes, which will then be turned into fine scales brown.
In some patients, the infection spreads to the torso and anal region. Can arise that are mild itching.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms. The bacteria will emit red light when illuminated with Wood's lamp (ultraviolet light). Bacteria can also be cultured from samples of infected skin.
TREATMENT
Infection can be treated with erythromycin or Tetracycline. Can be aided by the use of anti-bacterial soap.
PREVENTION
Some actions can be done to reduce the risk of eritrasma:
* Maintain cleanliness of body
* Keeping the skin remains dry
* Use clean clothes with a material that absorbs sweat
* Avoid excessive heat or humidity.
Saturday, November 12, 2011
What is epidermal cyst ?
epidermal cyst is a lump that develops slowly consisting of a thin sac on the skin contain ingredients such as cheese-like substance in the skin secretions.
Epidermal cysts, often wrongly referred to as sebaceous cysts, are flesh-colored with a length ranging from ½ to 2 inches across. They had to look anywhere but most commonly on the scalp, back and face. They tend to be robust and easy to move inside the skin. Cysts epiderma tasteless sick until they become infected or inflamed.
TREATMENT
Large epidermal cyst removed surgically after the anesthesia is injected into the areas that stand out. The walls are thin sacs or cysts should be completely removed will grow back. Cysts are less likely to be injected with corticosteroids if they become inflamed. Small cysts that interfere can be burned with an electric needle.
PREVENTION
Because the sun can stimulate the growth of epidermal cyst, people with light skin rather advised to avoid the sun and to use protective clothing and sunscreen.
Epidermal cysts, often wrongly referred to as sebaceous cysts, are flesh-colored with a length ranging from ½ to 2 inches across. They had to look anywhere but most commonly on the scalp, back and face. They tend to be robust and easy to move inside the skin. Cysts epiderma tasteless sick until they become infected or inflamed.
TREATMENT
Large epidermal cyst removed surgically after the anesthesia is injected into the areas that stand out. The walls are thin sacs or cysts should be completely removed will grow back. Cysts are less likely to be injected with corticosteroids if they become inflamed. Small cysts that interfere can be burned with an electric needle.
PREVENTION
Because the sun can stimulate the growth of epidermal cyst, people with light skin rather advised to avoid the sun and to use protective clothing and sunscreen.
Sistosarkoma Filodes symptoms,cause and prevention
Sistosarkoma Filodes is a kind of benign breast tumors are relatively rare and can develop into malignancies. These tumors rarely spread to other areas, but after surgery tend to re-grow in the same place.
1% of the tumors in the breast is a tumor filodes. These tumors usually affects women aged 50 years.
CAUSE
The cause is unknown.
SYMPTOMS
These tumors have a strict limit, slippery and easily moved. The size is relatively large, have an average diameter of 5 cm. The skin above it looks shiny and slightly transparent so that the blood vessels visible beneath it.
The spread of tumors (metastases) most often occur to the lungs, bones, heart and day. If the tumor has spread, the patient will experience shortness of breath, fatigue and bone pain. The symptoms of the spread of tumors usually appear within a few months, but may not occur within 12 years after treatment. Most patients who have metastases will die within 3 years after treatment.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms, physical examination results and the results of breast biopsy.
TREATMENT
Usually the removal of the tumor and surrounding normal tissue in large enough quantities (wide excision).
If the tumor is large or showed malignancy, then performed a mastectomy simplex (removal of entire breast, leaving the underlying muscles and skin are sufficient to cover the surgical wound).
1% of the tumors in the breast is a tumor filodes. These tumors usually affects women aged 50 years.
CAUSE
The cause is unknown.
SYMPTOMS
These tumors have a strict limit, slippery and easily moved. The size is relatively large, have an average diameter of 5 cm. The skin above it looks shiny and slightly transparent so that the blood vessels visible beneath it.
The spread of tumors (metastases) most often occur to the lungs, bones, heart and day. If the tumor has spread, the patient will experience shortness of breath, fatigue and bone pain. The symptoms of the spread of tumors usually appear within a few months, but may not occur within 12 years after treatment. Most patients who have metastases will die within 3 years after treatment.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms, physical examination results and the results of breast biopsy.
TREATMENT
Usually the removal of the tumor and surrounding normal tissue in large enough quantities (wide excision).
If the tumor is large or showed malignancy, then performed a mastectomy simplex (removal of entire breast, leaving the underlying muscles and skin are sufficient to cover the surgical wound).
What is Cystitis infection ?
Cystitis is an infection of the bladder. Bladder infection commonly occurs in women, especially in the reproductive period. Some women suffer from recurrent bladder infections.
CAUSE
Bacteria from the vagina can move from the urethra into the bladder. Women often suffer from bladder infections after sexual intercourse, possibly because of urethral injury during sexual intercourse. Sometimes recurrent bladder infections in women occur due to the abnormal relationship between the bladder and vagina (fistula vesicovaginal).
Bladder infections are rare in men and usually begins as an infection of the urethra that moves into the prostate and the bladder. In addition, bladder infections can occur due to catheter or device used during surgery. The most common cause of recurrent bladder infections in men are prostate infection caused by bacteria that are settled. Antibiotics will soon wipe out the bacteria from the urine in the bladder, but antibiotics can not penetrate the prostate well so it can not relieve the infection in the prostate. Therefore, if the use of antibiotics is stopped, the bacteria inside the prostate will tend to re-infect the bladder.
Abnormal relationship between the bladder and colon (fistula vesicoenteric) sometimes causes the gas-forming bacteria enter and grow in the bladder. These infections can cause air bubbles in the urine (pneumaturia).
SYMPTOMS
Bladder infections usually cause the urge to urinate and a burning sensation or pain during urination. Pain is usually felt above the pubic bone and is often also felt in the lower back. Other symptoms are nocturia (frequent urination at night). The urine looks cloudy and contain blood.
Sometimes bladder infections cause no symptoms and unknown at the time of examination of urine (urinalysis for other reasons.) Cystitis with no symptoms are especially common in the elderly, who may suffer from incontinence uri as a result.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on typical symptoms. Taken midstream urine samples (midstream), so that urine is not contaminated by bacteria from the vagina or tip of the penis. The urine is then examined under a microscope to see any red blood cells or white blood cells or other substances. And made a head count of bacteria cultured to determine the type of bacteria. If infection occurs, it is usually a type of bacteria found in significant amounts.
In men, urine flow was usually sufficient for diagnosis. In women, urine samples are sometimes contaminated by bacteria from the vagina, so that urine samples should be taken directly from the bladder using a catheter.
Other tests are performed to help establish the diagnosis of cystitis are:
- X-rays, to describe the kidneys, ureters and bladder
- Sistouretrografi, to know of any backflow of urine from the bladder and urethral stricture
- Uretrogram retrograde, to find out the narrowing, diverticula or fistula
- Cystoscopy, to see the bladder directly with fiber optics.
CAUSE
Bacteria from the vagina can move from the urethra into the bladder. Women often suffer from bladder infections after sexual intercourse, possibly because of urethral injury during sexual intercourse. Sometimes recurrent bladder infections in women occur due to the abnormal relationship between the bladder and vagina (fistula vesicovaginal).
Bladder infections are rare in men and usually begins as an infection of the urethra that moves into the prostate and the bladder. In addition, bladder infections can occur due to catheter or device used during surgery. The most common cause of recurrent bladder infections in men are prostate infection caused by bacteria that are settled. Antibiotics will soon wipe out the bacteria from the urine in the bladder, but antibiotics can not penetrate the prostate well so it can not relieve the infection in the prostate. Therefore, if the use of antibiotics is stopped, the bacteria inside the prostate will tend to re-infect the bladder.
Abnormal relationship between the bladder and colon (fistula vesicoenteric) sometimes causes the gas-forming bacteria enter and grow in the bladder. These infections can cause air bubbles in the urine (pneumaturia).
SYMPTOMS
Bladder infections usually cause the urge to urinate and a burning sensation or pain during urination. Pain is usually felt above the pubic bone and is often also felt in the lower back. Other symptoms are nocturia (frequent urination at night). The urine looks cloudy and contain blood.
Sometimes bladder infections cause no symptoms and unknown at the time of examination of urine (urinalysis for other reasons.) Cystitis with no symptoms are especially common in the elderly, who may suffer from incontinence uri as a result.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on typical symptoms. Taken midstream urine samples (midstream), so that urine is not contaminated by bacteria from the vagina or tip of the penis. The urine is then examined under a microscope to see any red blood cells or white blood cells or other substances. And made a head count of bacteria cultured to determine the type of bacteria. If infection occurs, it is usually a type of bacteria found in significant amounts.
In men, urine flow was usually sufficient for diagnosis. In women, urine samples are sometimes contaminated by bacteria from the vagina, so that urine samples should be taken directly from the bladder using a catheter.
Other tests are performed to help establish the diagnosis of cystitis are:
- X-rays, to describe the kidneys, ureters and bladder
- Sistouretrografi, to know of any backflow of urine from the bladder and urethral stricture
- Uretrogram retrograde, to find out the narrowing, diverticula or fistula
- Cystoscopy, to see the bladder directly with fiber optics.
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