Stem cells are special cells that are not derived from any cell that is devoted obtained. Adults, just like embryonic stem cells have. Stem cells for different types of blood cells obtained from bone marrow or, in small quantities, derived from the blood. Stem cells obtained from fetuses that are considered best because they are more likely to survive the transplant compared with those obtained from children or adults. Bone marrow transplantation is one type of stem cell transplantation, because bone marrow contains stem cells that produce more blood cells.
Stem cell transplants could be used as part of the treatment of leukemia, certain types of lymphoma (including Hodgkin's disease), and aplastic anemia. Which can also be used to treat children with certain genetic disorders, including thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and multiple congenital metabolic or immunodeficiency disorders (such as chronic granulomatous disease). Certain types of stem cells could also be used as grafts for the bone marrow destroyed by chemotherapy or high dose radiation therapy used to treat cancers such as breast cancer. Stem cell transplantation can be very useful for treating other disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, in which the transplanted stem cells could become brain cells.
Stem cells are likely the person's own cells (a procedure called autologous transplantation) or those who are donors (a procedure called allogeneic transplantation). When a person's own stem cells are used, they are collected before chemotherapy or radiation therapy because this treatment can damage stem cells. They are injected back into the body after treatment.
For bone marrow transplant, the donor is usually given a general anesthetic. Then a doctor remove the donor marrow from the hip bone with a syringe. Transfer of bone marrow takes 1 hour.
Sometimes the stem cells from adult blood obtained from an outpatient procedure. At first, the donor is given drugs that cause bone marrow release more stem cells into the bloodstream. then blood was taken via a catheter inserted into one arm and passed through a machine that removes the stem cells. The whole blood is returned to the person through a catheter inserted into the other arm. Typically, about 2 to 4 hour sessions over a period of 1 to 2 weeks is necessary to obtain enough stem cells. Stem cells can be preserved for later use by freezing them.
Doctors injected the stem cells into the vessels of the recipient. The injected stem cells migrate and develop in the bones of the recipient and produce blood cells.
Stem cell transplants are at risk because the recipient's white blood cells have been destroyed or reduced in number by chemotherapy or radiation therapy. As a result, the risk of infection is very high for about 2 to 3 weeks until the donated stem cells could produce enough white blood cells to protect from infection.
Another problem is that the newly obtained bone marrow from another person could produce cells that attack the cells of the recipient, cause of graft-versus-host. Furthermore, the original disturbance can be repeated.
Risk of infection can be reduced by keeping the donor-recipient in the isolation room for a certain period (until the transplanted cells begin to produce blood cells). during this time, staff members and visitors should use masks and gowns and wash their hands thoroughly before entering the space. Donor antibodies isolated from donors may be given intravenously to the recipient to help protect from infection. Growth factor, which stimulates the production of blood cells, could help reduce the risk of infection and disease graft-versus-host.
Stem cell transplant recipients usually remain in hospital for 1 to 2 months. After discharge from hospital, follow-up visit is required at regular intervals. Most people need at least a year to heal.
Thursday, November 3, 2011
What is Black Death Plague ?
Plague (Black Death) is a severe infection caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis. Infections transmitted from animals to humans via fleas. Infection is transmitted from person to person through coughing or sneezing. Transmission from pets, especially cats, can also occur through tick bites or by inhaling the bacteria contained in dust particles.
tick bite (fleabite plague)
CAUSE
Yersinia pestis bacteria. These bacteria are primarily infects rodents, like rats, mice, squirrels and prairie dogs.
SYMPTOMS
There are several forms of plague, and the symptoms depend on the shape plagnya:
1. Plague Bubonik
Symptoms usually appear within 2-5 days after infection, but can occur anytime from several hours to 12 days later. Patients with sudden chills with fever up to 41o Celsius. The heartbeat becomes rapid and weak, blood pressure may drop. Enlarged lymph nodes occur simultaneously or soon after a fever. Enlarged lymph nodes palpable soft, firm and swollen tissue around it. Overlying skin soft and red, but not warm. Patients are usually restless, delirious, confused and uncoordinated movements.
Spleen and liver enlarged and easily palpable on physical examination by a physician. Lymph nodes can be filled with pus and will dry out during the second week. Death occurs in more than 60% of untreated patients and usually occurs on the third day until the fifth day.
2. Plague Pneumonik
Is an infection of the lungs by the plague bacteria. Symptoms appear 2-3 days after infection, high fever, chills, rapid heartbeat and severe headaches. Coughs occur within 24 hours. At first sputum was clear, but it will quickly formed the stains of blood and sputum eventually pink or red light (such as raspberry syrup) and foamy. Usually breathing becomes rapid and shallow. If not treated, the patient will die within 48 hours after initial symptoms appear.
3. Plague Septikemik
Plague is an infection which spreads bubonik into the blood. Can cause death, even before other symptoms of the plague or plague pneumonik bubonik appear.
4. Minor pestis
Is a mild form of plague, which usually occurs only in areas where this disease is endemic. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache and fatigue, usually subside within a week.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is based on the results of culturing the bacteria from samples of blood, sputum, or lymph nodes.
TREATMENT
Many antibiotics are effective for this disease. Treatment should be done immediately. In septikemik plague or plague pneumonik, treatment must begin within 24 hours. Appropriate treatment to reduce mortality to less than 5%. Pneumonik plague sufferers should be isolated.
PREVENTION
To prevent this disease, conducted surveillance of rodent and flea repellent drug use. Vaccinations do not need to be given to people who travel to areas where the disease is reported to have occurred. People who travel frequently and are at risk of exposure to these bacteria, can be given tetracycline as a precaution.
tick bite (fleabite plague)
CAUSE
Yersinia pestis bacteria. These bacteria are primarily infects rodents, like rats, mice, squirrels and prairie dogs.
SYMPTOMS
There are several forms of plague, and the symptoms depend on the shape plagnya:
1. Plague Bubonik
Symptoms usually appear within 2-5 days after infection, but can occur anytime from several hours to 12 days later. Patients with sudden chills with fever up to 41o Celsius. The heartbeat becomes rapid and weak, blood pressure may drop. Enlarged lymph nodes occur simultaneously or soon after a fever. Enlarged lymph nodes palpable soft, firm and swollen tissue around it. Overlying skin soft and red, but not warm. Patients are usually restless, delirious, confused and uncoordinated movements.
Spleen and liver enlarged and easily palpable on physical examination by a physician. Lymph nodes can be filled with pus and will dry out during the second week. Death occurs in more than 60% of untreated patients and usually occurs on the third day until the fifth day.
2. Plague Pneumonik
Is an infection of the lungs by the plague bacteria. Symptoms appear 2-3 days after infection, high fever, chills, rapid heartbeat and severe headaches. Coughs occur within 24 hours. At first sputum was clear, but it will quickly formed the stains of blood and sputum eventually pink or red light (such as raspberry syrup) and foamy. Usually breathing becomes rapid and shallow. If not treated, the patient will die within 48 hours after initial symptoms appear.
3. Plague Septikemik
Plague is an infection which spreads bubonik into the blood. Can cause death, even before other symptoms of the plague or plague pneumonik bubonik appear.
4. Minor pestis
Is a mild form of plague, which usually occurs only in areas where this disease is endemic. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache and fatigue, usually subside within a week.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is based on the results of culturing the bacteria from samples of blood, sputum, or lymph nodes.
TREATMENT
Many antibiotics are effective for this disease. Treatment should be done immediately. In septikemik plague or plague pneumonik, treatment must begin within 24 hours. Appropriate treatment to reduce mortality to less than 5%. Pneumonik plague sufferers should be isolated.
PREVENTION
To prevent this disease, conducted surveillance of rodent and flea repellent drug use. Vaccinations do not need to be given to people who travel to areas where the disease is reported to have occurred. People who travel frequently and are at risk of exposure to these bacteria, can be given tetracycline as a precaution.
What is Cushing's syndrome ?
In Cushing's syndrome, excessive levels of corticosteroids, usually from overproduction of adrenal gland.
* Cushing's syndrome usually results from a tumor that causes the adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroid.
* People with Cushing's syndrome usually results in excessive fat through the torso and has a great face shape.
Doctors measure the levels of cortisol to identify Cushing's syndrome.
* Surgery or radiation therapy is often needed to remove a tumor.
The adrenal glands can produce excessive kortikosteropid caused problems in the adrenal glands or caused too much stimulation from the pituitary gland. Abnormalities in the pituitary gland, such as a tumor, can cause the pituitary produces large amounts of corticotropin, the hormone that controls the production of corticosteroids from the adrenal glands.
Tumors outside the pituitary gland, such as small cell cancer of the lungs, can produce corticotropin as well (a condition called ectopic corticotropin syndrome). Corticotropin may also be produced by a tumor called a carcinoid, which can occur in almost all parts of the body.
CAUSE
Sometimes a noncancerous tumor (adenoma) occurs in the adrenal glands, which causes the adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroid. Adrenal adenomas are very common. Half of people experience it at age 70. Only a small part in adenomas produce excess hormones, although such a noncancerous tumor of the adrenal gland are very rare.
Cushing's syndrome can also occur in people who have to use high doses of corticosteroids because of a serious medical condition. Those who must use high doses have the same symptoms as those who produce too much hormone. The symptoms can sometimes occur even if the inhaled corticosteroids, such as for asthma, or used in particular for a skin condition.
SYMPTOMS
Corticosteroids changing the number and distributed into body fat. Body fat is formed through the torso and the real possibility once on the back. A person with Cushing's syndrome usually have a large face (moon face). Hands and feet are usually lean on the shaft is thickened. Muscles lose strength and become weak. The skin becomes thin, easily bruised, heal less well when bruises or injuries. Purple layer that looks like a sign of wrinkles can be formed over the abdomen. People with Cushing's syndrome tend to tire easily.
High levels of corticosteroids every time increases blood pressure, weakening bones (osteoporosis), and reduce perlawana against infection. The risk of developing kidney stones and diabetes is increased, and mental disorders, including depression and hallucinations, can occur. Women usually have an irregular menstrual cycle. Children with Cushing's syndrome grow slowly and remain pandek. In some people, the adrenal glands also produce large amounts of androgens (testosterone and similar hormones), causing an increase in the face and body hair and baldness in women.
Diagnosis
When doctors suspect Cushing's syndrome, they measured levels of cortisol, the main corticosteroid hormone, in blood. Normally, cortisol levels are high in the morning and low at night. In people who have Cushing's syndrome, cortisol levels are very high every day.
If cortisol levels are high, your doctor may recommend dexamethasone suppression test. Dexamethasone suppress pituitary gland and should lead to pressure on the expenditure of cortisol by the adrenal glands. If Cushing's syndrome is caused by too much stimulation of the pituitary, cortisol levels will fall to some extent, although not as much on people who do not have Cushing's syndrome. If you have other causes of Cushing's syndrome, cortisol levels will remain high. High levels of corticotropin further cause overstimulation of the adrenal gland.
Imaging tests may be needed to ensure the exact cause, including a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the pituitary or adrenal glands and a chest X-ray or CT scan of the lungs. Even so, these tests can sometimes fail to find the tumor. When overproduction of corticotropin stated as the cause, the possibility of blood samples taken from veins that drain the pituitary to see if that is the source.
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on whether the adrenal gland problems, pituitary gland, or other areas. Surgery or radiation therapy may be needed to remove or destroy the pituitary tumor. Tumors of the adrenal gland (usually adenomas) can often be removed surgically. Both adrenal glands can be removed if these treatments are not effective or if there is no tumor.
People who both adrenal glands removed, and many people who have part in the adrenal glands removed, should be using corticosteroids for life. Tumors outside the pituitary and adrenal glands that secrete too much hormone is usually removed surgically. Certain drugs, such as metyrapone or ketoconazole, may reduce levels of cortisol and can be used while awaiting more definitive treatment such as surgery.
* Cushing's syndrome usually results from a tumor that causes the adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroid.
* People with Cushing's syndrome usually results in excessive fat through the torso and has a great face shape.
Doctors measure the levels of cortisol to identify Cushing's syndrome.
* Surgery or radiation therapy is often needed to remove a tumor.
The adrenal glands can produce excessive kortikosteropid caused problems in the adrenal glands or caused too much stimulation from the pituitary gland. Abnormalities in the pituitary gland, such as a tumor, can cause the pituitary produces large amounts of corticotropin, the hormone that controls the production of corticosteroids from the adrenal glands.
Tumors outside the pituitary gland, such as small cell cancer of the lungs, can produce corticotropin as well (a condition called ectopic corticotropin syndrome). Corticotropin may also be produced by a tumor called a carcinoid, which can occur in almost all parts of the body.
CAUSE
Sometimes a noncancerous tumor (adenoma) occurs in the adrenal glands, which causes the adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroid. Adrenal adenomas are very common. Half of people experience it at age 70. Only a small part in adenomas produce excess hormones, although such a noncancerous tumor of the adrenal gland are very rare.
Cushing's syndrome can also occur in people who have to use high doses of corticosteroids because of a serious medical condition. Those who must use high doses have the same symptoms as those who produce too much hormone. The symptoms can sometimes occur even if the inhaled corticosteroids, such as for asthma, or used in particular for a skin condition.
SYMPTOMS
Corticosteroids changing the number and distributed into body fat. Body fat is formed through the torso and the real possibility once on the back. A person with Cushing's syndrome usually have a large face (moon face). Hands and feet are usually lean on the shaft is thickened. Muscles lose strength and become weak. The skin becomes thin, easily bruised, heal less well when bruises or injuries. Purple layer that looks like a sign of wrinkles can be formed over the abdomen. People with Cushing's syndrome tend to tire easily.
High levels of corticosteroids every time increases blood pressure, weakening bones (osteoporosis), and reduce perlawana against infection. The risk of developing kidney stones and diabetes is increased, and mental disorders, including depression and hallucinations, can occur. Women usually have an irregular menstrual cycle. Children with Cushing's syndrome grow slowly and remain pandek. In some people, the adrenal glands also produce large amounts of androgens (testosterone and similar hormones), causing an increase in the face and body hair and baldness in women.
Diagnosis
When doctors suspect Cushing's syndrome, they measured levels of cortisol, the main corticosteroid hormone, in blood. Normally, cortisol levels are high in the morning and low at night. In people who have Cushing's syndrome, cortisol levels are very high every day.
If cortisol levels are high, your doctor may recommend dexamethasone suppression test. Dexamethasone suppress pituitary gland and should lead to pressure on the expenditure of cortisol by the adrenal glands. If Cushing's syndrome is caused by too much stimulation of the pituitary, cortisol levels will fall to some extent, although not as much on people who do not have Cushing's syndrome. If you have other causes of Cushing's syndrome, cortisol levels will remain high. High levels of corticotropin further cause overstimulation of the adrenal gland.
Imaging tests may be needed to ensure the exact cause, including a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the pituitary or adrenal glands and a chest X-ray or CT scan of the lungs. Even so, these tests can sometimes fail to find the tumor. When overproduction of corticotropin stated as the cause, the possibility of blood samples taken from veins that drain the pituitary to see if that is the source.
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on whether the adrenal gland problems, pituitary gland, or other areas. Surgery or radiation therapy may be needed to remove or destroy the pituitary tumor. Tumors of the adrenal gland (usually adenomas) can often be removed surgically. Both adrenal glands can be removed if these treatments are not effective or if there is no tumor.
People who both adrenal glands removed, and many people who have part in the adrenal glands removed, should be using corticosteroids for life. Tumors outside the pituitary and adrenal glands that secrete too much hormone is usually removed surgically. Certain drugs, such as metyrapone or ketoconazole, may reduce levels of cortisol and can be used while awaiting more definitive treatment such as surgery.
What is Cushing's syndrome ?
In Cushing's syndrome, excessive levels of corticosteroids, usually from overproduction of adrenal gland.
* Cushing's syndrome usually results from a tumor that causes the adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroid.
* People with Cushing's syndrome usually results in excessive fat through the torso and has a great face shape.
Doctors measure the levels of cortisol to identify Cushing's syndrome.
* Surgery or radiation therapy is often needed to remove a tumor.
The adrenal glands can produce excessive kortikosteropid caused problems in the adrenal glands or caused too much stimulation from the pituitary gland. Abnormalities in the pituitary gland, such as a tumor, can cause the pituitary produces large amounts of corticotropin, the hormone that controls the production of corticosteroids from the adrenal glands.
Tumors outside the pituitary gland, such as small cell cancer of the lungs, can produce corticotropin as well (a condition called ectopic corticotropin syndrome). Corticotropin may also be produced by a tumor called a carcinoid, which can occur in almost all parts of the body.
CAUSE
Sometimes a noncancerous tumor (adenoma) occurs in the adrenal glands, which causes the adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroid. Adrenal adenomas are very common. Half of people experience it at age 70. Only a small part in adenomas produce excess hormones, although such a noncancerous tumor of the adrenal gland are very rare.
Cushing's syndrome can also occur in people who have to use high doses of corticosteroids because of a serious medical condition. Those who must use high doses have the same symptoms as those who produce too much hormone. The symptoms can sometimes occur even if the inhaled corticosteroids, such as for asthma, or used in particular for a skin condition.
SYMPTOMS
Corticosteroids changing the number and distributed into body fat. Body fat is formed through the torso and the real possibility once on the back. A person with Cushing's syndrome usually have a large face (moon face). Hands and feet are usually lean on the shaft is thickened. Muscles lose strength and become weak. The skin becomes thin, easily bruised, heal less well when bruises or injuries. Purple layer that looks like a sign of wrinkles can be formed over the abdomen. People with Cushing's syndrome tend to tire easily.
High levels of corticosteroids every time increases blood pressure, weakening bones (osteoporosis), and reduce perlawana against infection. The risk of developing kidney stones and diabetes is increased, and mental disorders, including depression and hallucinations, can occur. Women usually have an irregular menstrual cycle. Children with Cushing's syndrome grow slowly and remain pandek. In some people, the adrenal glands also produce large amounts of androgens (testosterone and similar hormones), causing an increase in the face and body hair and baldness in women.
Diagnosis
When doctors suspect Cushing's syndrome, they measured levels of cortisol, the main corticosteroid hormone, in blood. Normally, cortisol levels are high in the morning and low at night. In people who have Cushing's syndrome, cortisol levels are very high every day.
If cortisol levels are high, your doctor may recommend dexamethasone suppression test. Dexamethasone suppress pituitary gland and should lead to pressure on the expenditure of cortisol by the adrenal glands. If Cushing's syndrome is caused by too much stimulation of the pituitary, cortisol levels will fall to some extent, although not as much on people who do not have Cushing's syndrome. If you have other causes of Cushing's syndrome, cortisol levels will remain high. High levels of corticotropin further cause overstimulation of the adrenal gland.
Imaging tests may be needed to ensure the exact cause, including a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the pituitary or adrenal glands and a chest X-ray or CT scan of the lungs. Even so, these tests can sometimes fail to find the tumor. When overproduction of corticotropin stated as the cause, the possibility of blood samples taken from veins that drain the pituitary to see if that is the source.
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on whether the adrenal gland problems, pituitary gland, or other areas. Surgery or radiation therapy may be needed to remove or destroy the pituitary tumor. Tumors of the adrenal gland (usually adenomas) can often be removed surgically. Both adrenal glands can be removed if these treatments are not effective or if there is no tumor.
People who both adrenal glands removed, and many people who have part in the adrenal glands removed, should be using corticosteroids for life. Tumors outside the pituitary and adrenal glands that secrete too much hormone is usually removed surgically. Certain drugs, such as metyrapone or ketoconazole, may reduce levels of cortisol and can be used while awaiting more definitive treatment such as surgery.
* Cushing's syndrome usually results from a tumor that causes the adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroid.
* People with Cushing's syndrome usually results in excessive fat through the torso and has a great face shape.
Doctors measure the levels of cortisol to identify Cushing's syndrome.
* Surgery or radiation therapy is often needed to remove a tumor.
The adrenal glands can produce excessive kortikosteropid caused problems in the adrenal glands or caused too much stimulation from the pituitary gland. Abnormalities in the pituitary gland, such as a tumor, can cause the pituitary produces large amounts of corticotropin, the hormone that controls the production of corticosteroids from the adrenal glands.
Tumors outside the pituitary gland, such as small cell cancer of the lungs, can produce corticotropin as well (a condition called ectopic corticotropin syndrome). Corticotropin may also be produced by a tumor called a carcinoid, which can occur in almost all parts of the body.
CAUSE
Sometimes a noncancerous tumor (adenoma) occurs in the adrenal glands, which causes the adrenal glands produce excessive corticosteroid. Adrenal adenomas are very common. Half of people experience it at age 70. Only a small part in adenomas produce excess hormones, although such a noncancerous tumor of the adrenal gland are very rare.
Cushing's syndrome can also occur in people who have to use high doses of corticosteroids because of a serious medical condition. Those who must use high doses have the same symptoms as those who produce too much hormone. The symptoms can sometimes occur even if the inhaled corticosteroids, such as for asthma, or used in particular for a skin condition.
SYMPTOMS
Corticosteroids changing the number and distributed into body fat. Body fat is formed through the torso and the real possibility once on the back. A person with Cushing's syndrome usually have a large face (moon face). Hands and feet are usually lean on the shaft is thickened. Muscles lose strength and become weak. The skin becomes thin, easily bruised, heal less well when bruises or injuries. Purple layer that looks like a sign of wrinkles can be formed over the abdomen. People with Cushing's syndrome tend to tire easily.
High levels of corticosteroids every time increases blood pressure, weakening bones (osteoporosis), and reduce perlawana against infection. The risk of developing kidney stones and diabetes is increased, and mental disorders, including depression and hallucinations, can occur. Women usually have an irregular menstrual cycle. Children with Cushing's syndrome grow slowly and remain pandek. In some people, the adrenal glands also produce large amounts of androgens (testosterone and similar hormones), causing an increase in the face and body hair and baldness in women.
Diagnosis
When doctors suspect Cushing's syndrome, they measured levels of cortisol, the main corticosteroid hormone, in blood. Normally, cortisol levels are high in the morning and low at night. In people who have Cushing's syndrome, cortisol levels are very high every day.
If cortisol levels are high, your doctor may recommend dexamethasone suppression test. Dexamethasone suppress pituitary gland and should lead to pressure on the expenditure of cortisol by the adrenal glands. If Cushing's syndrome is caused by too much stimulation of the pituitary, cortisol levels will fall to some extent, although not as much on people who do not have Cushing's syndrome. If you have other causes of Cushing's syndrome, cortisol levels will remain high. High levels of corticotropin further cause overstimulation of the adrenal gland.
Imaging tests may be needed to ensure the exact cause, including a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the pituitary or adrenal glands and a chest X-ray or CT scan of the lungs. Even so, these tests can sometimes fail to find the tumor. When overproduction of corticotropin stated as the cause, the possibility of blood samples taken from veins that drain the pituitary to see if that is the source.
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on whether the adrenal gland problems, pituitary gland, or other areas. Surgery or radiation therapy may be needed to remove or destroy the pituitary tumor. Tumors of the adrenal gland (usually adenomas) can often be removed surgically. Both adrenal glands can be removed if these treatments are not effective or if there is no tumor.
People who both adrenal glands removed, and many people who have part in the adrenal glands removed, should be using corticosteroids for life. Tumors outside the pituitary and adrenal glands that secrete too much hormone is usually removed surgically. Certain drugs, such as metyrapone or ketoconazole, may reduce levels of cortisol and can be used while awaiting more definitive treatment such as surgery.
What is muscle abscess ?
Sometimes an abscess formed in the muscle. Abscess is due to the spread of bacteria from the infection of bone or other tissues nearby or due to the spread of infection through the bloodstream to distant parts of the body. Piomiositis is a disease where the muscles are infected by pus-producing bacteria that often causes the formation of abscesses.
Piomiositis more often found in tropical regions and in people who have impaired immune systems. The most commonly affected are the thigh muscles, buttocks and upper arms and the muscles around the shoulder. Symptoms include cramping pain followed by swelling, mild fever and discomfort, especially when the affected muscle is moved.
Piomiositis more often found in tropical regions and in people who have impaired immune systems. The most commonly affected are the thigh muscles, buttocks and upper arms and the muscles around the shoulder. Symptoms include cramping pain followed by swelling, mild fever and discomfort, especially when the affected muscle is moved.
What is Toxic shock syndrome ?
Toxic shock syndrome is an infection usually caused by staphylococci, which are rapidly deteriorating situation will be a shock that can not be overcome.
CAUSE
Staphylococcal bacteria. Although this type of Staphylococcus that causes this case are known, but the trigger of this syndrome is unknown. The use of tampons can encourage bacteria to produce toxins (poisons) that enter the bloodstream through small cuts in the vagina or through the uterus into the abdominal cavity. The toxin is what causes the onset of the symptoms of this disease.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms occur suddenly when the temperature reaches 39-40 degrees Celsius. Next will arise severe headache, sore throat, red eyes, fatigue, confusion, vomiting, diarrhea and skin rash like sunburn throughout the body. Within 48 hours, the patient was unconscious and fell into a state of shock.
Between the first and seventh days, exfoliation occurs, especially on palms and soles. This syndrome causes anemia. Kidney disorders, liver and muscles are very common, especially in the first mingu. Can also be accompanied by disturbances of the heart and lungs. Most organs are recovered as before after the symptoms disappear.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms. Although there are no laboratory tests that can specifically identify this syndrome, blood tests are usually performed to rule out other possibilities that cause this syndrome.
TREATMENT
Patients suspected of having toxic shock syndrome should be treated immediately.
Treatment begins by removing tampons, diaphragms or other foreign objects, and given antibiotics as soon as possible.
PREVENTION
In general, women should avoid using tampons continuously during menstruation. When re-using tampons within 4 months after experiencing this syndrome, likely to come back again, except for a given antibiotic therapy has been successful in destroying bacteria cause.
CAUSE
Staphylococcal bacteria. Although this type of Staphylococcus that causes this case are known, but the trigger of this syndrome is unknown. The use of tampons can encourage bacteria to produce toxins (poisons) that enter the bloodstream through small cuts in the vagina or through the uterus into the abdominal cavity. The toxin is what causes the onset of the symptoms of this disease.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms occur suddenly when the temperature reaches 39-40 degrees Celsius. Next will arise severe headache, sore throat, red eyes, fatigue, confusion, vomiting, diarrhea and skin rash like sunburn throughout the body. Within 48 hours, the patient was unconscious and fell into a state of shock.
Between the first and seventh days, exfoliation occurs, especially on palms and soles. This syndrome causes anemia. Kidney disorders, liver and muscles are very common, especially in the first mingu. Can also be accompanied by disturbances of the heart and lungs. Most organs are recovered as before after the symptoms disappear.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms. Although there are no laboratory tests that can specifically identify this syndrome, blood tests are usually performed to rule out other possibilities that cause this syndrome.
TREATMENT
Patients suspected of having toxic shock syndrome should be treated immediately.
Treatment begins by removing tampons, diaphragms or other foreign objects, and given antibiotics as soon as possible.
PREVENTION
In general, women should avoid using tampons continuously during menstruation. When re-using tampons within 4 months after experiencing this syndrome, likely to come back again, except for a given antibiotic therapy has been successful in destroying bacteria cause.
What is Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis ?
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is a derivative of immunodeficiency disease in which T lymphocytes damaged. Because T lymphocytes is damaged, the body is less able to fight fungal infections, including yeast infections. The ability to fight other infections are not reduced. Infection with Candida fungi (candidiasis) develop and survive, usually begin during infancy but occasionally during early adulthood.
Fungi may cause mouth infections (thrush) as well as infections of the scalp; skin; nails; and membranes throughout the mouth, eyes, digestive tract, and reproductive tract. Severity varies: the disease can affect one nail or cause spotting a rash that covers the face and scalp. Hair may fall out. Hepatitis and chronic lung disease sometimes develops. Many people also experience endocrine disorders, such as underactive parathyroid glands (hypoparathyroidism).
Usually, the infection can be treated with antifungal drug nystatin or clotrimazole is applied to the skin. Infection is severe, rare, require more powerful antifungal drugs, such as itraconazole given by mouth. Typically, the disease is chronic but does not affect survival.
Fungi may cause mouth infections (thrush) as well as infections of the scalp; skin; nails; and membranes throughout the mouth, eyes, digestive tract, and reproductive tract. Severity varies: the disease can affect one nail or cause spotting a rash that covers the face and scalp. Hair may fall out. Hepatitis and chronic lung disease sometimes develops. Many people also experience endocrine disorders, such as underactive parathyroid glands (hypoparathyroidism).
Usually, the infection can be treated with antifungal drug nystatin or clotrimazole is applied to the skin. Infection is severe, rare, require more powerful antifungal drugs, such as itraconazole given by mouth. Typically, the disease is chronic but does not affect survival.
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