Thyroid cancer is a malignancy of the thyroid has 4 types: papillary, follicular, anaplastic, or medullary. Cancer rarely causes enlargement of the gland, more often causes a small growth (nodules) within the gland. Most are benign thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer is usually curable.
Thyroid cancer often limits the ability to limit the ability to absorb iodine and produce thyroid hormone, but sometimes cancer produce enough thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism.
Tend to be malignant thyroid nodules when:
- Only found one
- Skening thyroid nodules do not indicate that the function
- Nodulnya solid and does not have fluid (cystic)
- Nodulnya hard
- Rapid growth.
CANCER papillary
60-70% of thyroid cancers are papillary cancer. 2-3 times more common in women. Papillary cancer is more common in younger people, but at the advanced age of this cancer grow and spread faster. High risk papillary cancer found in people who have received radiation treatment in the neck.
Cancer is treated with surgery, which sometimes involves the removal of nearby lymph nodes. Nodules with a diameter smaller than 1.9 cm was appointed along with the surrounding thyroid gland, although some experts recommend to remove the entire thyroid gland. Surgery is almost always able to cure this cancer.
Given thyroid hormone in doses sufficient to suppress the release of TSH and help prevent recurrence. If nodulnya larger, it is usually done most or all of the thyroid gland and radioactive iodine is often given, in the hope that the remaining thyroid tissue or cancer that has spread to absorb it and destroyed. Another dose of radioactive iodine may be needed to ensure that the overall cancer has been destroyed. Papillary cancer is almost always curable.
Follicular cancer
15% of thyroid cancers are follicular cancers. Follicular cancer is also more common in women. Follicular cancer tends to spread through the bloodstream, spreading cancer cells into various organs of the body. Treatment for this cancer is removal of as much as possible of the thyroid gland and radioactive iodine to destroy tissue or remaining cancer cells.
CANCER anaplastic
Less than 10% of thyroid cancer is anaplastic cancer. This cancer most often found among older women. Cancer grows very rapidly and usually causes a large lump in the neck. About 80% of patients die within 1 year.
Radioactive iodine is not useful because the cancer does not absorb radioactive iodine. Provision of anti-cancer drugs and radiation therapy before and after surgery gives satisfactory results.
CANCER medullary
In medullary cancer, thyroid gland produces large amounts of calcitonin (a hormone produced by thyroid cells only). Because it can also produce other hormones, the cancer is causing symptoms that are unusual. Cancer tends to spread through the lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes and through blood to the liver, lungs and bones.
In multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, medullary cancer may occur in conjunction with other endocrine cancers. Treatment involves removal of the thyroid gland. More than 2 / 3 patients with medullary cancer, which is part of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, surviving 10 years; if medullary cancer stand alone, then the life expectancy of sufferers is not that good.
Sometimes the cancer is inherited, therefore someone who has blood ties with medullary cancer, should menjalai screening for genetic disorders. If the result is negative, then almost certainly the person will not suffer from medullary cancer. If results are positive, then he will suffer from medullary cancer; so it should be considered to undergo removal of the thyroid although the symptoms do not occur and blood calcitonin levels have not increased.
Calcitonin levels are high or elevated calcitonin levels after excessive stimulation test, is also helpful in predicting whether someone will develop medullary cancer.
CAUSE
Thyroid cancer is more common in people who had undergone radiation therapy to the head, neck and chest. Other risk factors are family history of thyroid cancer and chronic goiter.
SYMPTOMS
There is enlargement of the thyroid gland or neck swelling. Patient voice changed or become hoarse. Can occur coughing or coughing up blood, and diarrhea or constipation.
Diagnosis
Early sign of thyroid cancer is usually a lump that does not feel pain in the neck. Skening nodulnya thyroid function can determine whether or not, because the non-functioning nodules tend to be malignant. Ultrasound examinations can help determine whether nodulnya solid or filled with fluid. Examples of nodules are usually taken with a needle for biopsy purposes. A biopsy is the best way to determine whether benign or malignant nodulnya.
Showing posts with label leptospirosis vaccine. Show all posts
Showing posts with label leptospirosis vaccine. Show all posts
Saturday, November 5, 2011
Thursday, November 3, 2011
What is Black Death Plague ?
Plague (Black Death) is a severe infection caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis. Infections transmitted from animals to humans via fleas. Infection is transmitted from person to person through coughing or sneezing. Transmission from pets, especially cats, can also occur through tick bites or by inhaling the bacteria contained in dust particles.
tick bite (fleabite plague)
CAUSE
Yersinia pestis bacteria. These bacteria are primarily infects rodents, like rats, mice, squirrels and prairie dogs.
SYMPTOMS
There are several forms of plague, and the symptoms depend on the shape plagnya:
1. Plague Bubonik
Symptoms usually appear within 2-5 days after infection, but can occur anytime from several hours to 12 days later. Patients with sudden chills with fever up to 41o Celsius. The heartbeat becomes rapid and weak, blood pressure may drop. Enlarged lymph nodes occur simultaneously or soon after a fever. Enlarged lymph nodes palpable soft, firm and swollen tissue around it. Overlying skin soft and red, but not warm. Patients are usually restless, delirious, confused and uncoordinated movements.
Spleen and liver enlarged and easily palpable on physical examination by a physician. Lymph nodes can be filled with pus and will dry out during the second week. Death occurs in more than 60% of untreated patients and usually occurs on the third day until the fifth day.
2. Plague Pneumonik
Is an infection of the lungs by the plague bacteria. Symptoms appear 2-3 days after infection, high fever, chills, rapid heartbeat and severe headaches. Coughs occur within 24 hours. At first sputum was clear, but it will quickly formed the stains of blood and sputum eventually pink or red light (such as raspberry syrup) and foamy. Usually breathing becomes rapid and shallow. If not treated, the patient will die within 48 hours after initial symptoms appear.
3. Plague Septikemik
Plague is an infection which spreads bubonik into the blood. Can cause death, even before other symptoms of the plague or plague pneumonik bubonik appear.
4. Minor pestis
Is a mild form of plague, which usually occurs only in areas where this disease is endemic. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache and fatigue, usually subside within a week.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is based on the results of culturing the bacteria from samples of blood, sputum, or lymph nodes.
TREATMENT
Many antibiotics are effective for this disease. Treatment should be done immediately. In septikemik plague or plague pneumonik, treatment must begin within 24 hours. Appropriate treatment to reduce mortality to less than 5%. Pneumonik plague sufferers should be isolated.
PREVENTION
To prevent this disease, conducted surveillance of rodent and flea repellent drug use. Vaccinations do not need to be given to people who travel to areas where the disease is reported to have occurred. People who travel frequently and are at risk of exposure to these bacteria, can be given tetracycline as a precaution.
tick bite (fleabite plague)
CAUSE
Yersinia pestis bacteria. These bacteria are primarily infects rodents, like rats, mice, squirrels and prairie dogs.
SYMPTOMS
There are several forms of plague, and the symptoms depend on the shape plagnya:
1. Plague Bubonik
Symptoms usually appear within 2-5 days after infection, but can occur anytime from several hours to 12 days later. Patients with sudden chills with fever up to 41o Celsius. The heartbeat becomes rapid and weak, blood pressure may drop. Enlarged lymph nodes occur simultaneously or soon after a fever. Enlarged lymph nodes palpable soft, firm and swollen tissue around it. Overlying skin soft and red, but not warm. Patients are usually restless, delirious, confused and uncoordinated movements.
Spleen and liver enlarged and easily palpable on physical examination by a physician. Lymph nodes can be filled with pus and will dry out during the second week. Death occurs in more than 60% of untreated patients and usually occurs on the third day until the fifth day.
2. Plague Pneumonik
Is an infection of the lungs by the plague bacteria. Symptoms appear 2-3 days after infection, high fever, chills, rapid heartbeat and severe headaches. Coughs occur within 24 hours. At first sputum was clear, but it will quickly formed the stains of blood and sputum eventually pink or red light (such as raspberry syrup) and foamy. Usually breathing becomes rapid and shallow. If not treated, the patient will die within 48 hours after initial symptoms appear.
3. Plague Septikemik
Plague is an infection which spreads bubonik into the blood. Can cause death, even before other symptoms of the plague or plague pneumonik bubonik appear.
4. Minor pestis
Is a mild form of plague, which usually occurs only in areas where this disease is endemic. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache and fatigue, usually subside within a week.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is based on the results of culturing the bacteria from samples of blood, sputum, or lymph nodes.
TREATMENT
Many antibiotics are effective for this disease. Treatment should be done immediately. In septikemik plague or plague pneumonik, treatment must begin within 24 hours. Appropriate treatment to reduce mortality to less than 5%. Pneumonik plague sufferers should be isolated.
PREVENTION
To prevent this disease, conducted surveillance of rodent and flea repellent drug use. Vaccinations do not need to be given to people who travel to areas where the disease is reported to have occurred. People who travel frequently and are at risk of exposure to these bacteria, can be given tetracycline as a precaution.
Wednesday, November 2, 2011
What is Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that consists of a group of Weil's syndrome, Spiroketal Jaundice (jaundice) and Fever Kanikola.
CAUSE
Leptospira bacteria. Leptospirosis occurs in many wild animals. Some animals act as carriers and remove bacteria in the urine (rat urine), while others can become ill and die. Humans get this infection through contact with animals or urine.
Although leptospirosis is a disease due to work on farmers, workers in abattoirs and workers gutter (gutter), but many people who become infected by certain activities such as swimming in contaminated water.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms usually occur within 2-20 days after infection with the bacteria. Disease usually begins suddenly denagn presence of fever, headache, severe muscle aches and chills. Symptoms of the lungs (coughing blood) occurs in 10-15% of patients. Episodes of fever and chills, which often reaches 38.9? Celsius lasts for 4-9 days. Conjunctivitis (infection of the lining of the eyeball and eyelid) appears on the third or fourth day.
Fever will disappear for a few days, but will appear again together with other symptoms at day 6 to 12. At this time, usually there is inflammation of the brain lining (meningitis), causing a stiff neck, headache and sometimes loss of consciousness (stupor or coma).
These symptoms are not as a result of infection of the lining of the brain, but were the result of inflammation caused by toxic effects on the body is trying to destroy the bacteria. A pregnant woman infected with leptospirosis can experience a miscarriage.
Weil's syndrome
Is a more severe form of leptospirosis which causes a continuous fever, loss of consciousness and the reduced ability of blood to clot, causing bleeding in the network. The early symptoms of Weil's syndrome is lighter than leptospirosis.
Blood tests showed anemia. In the curry to-3 until day 6, there are signs of kidney and liver damage. The patient will feel pain during urination or bloody urine. Liver damage is usually mild and will recover completely. Patients who did not experience jaundice usually resolves. Indicate the presence of jaundice and liver disorders can raise the risk of death to 10% in patients over 60 years.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis depends on detecting bacteria in blood cultures, urine or cerebrospinal fluid, or by the discovery of antibodies against the bacteria in the blood.
TREATMENT
When outbreaks occur, can be given antibiotic doxycycline for prevention. To treat the disease, given penicillin, ampicillin, or other similar antibiotics. In severe cases, antibiotics are given intravenously (through a vein).
PREVENTION
Patients do not need to be isolated, but must be careful when handling and disposing of the urine.
CAUSE
Leptospira bacteria. Leptospirosis occurs in many wild animals. Some animals act as carriers and remove bacteria in the urine (rat urine), while others can become ill and die. Humans get this infection through contact with animals or urine.
Although leptospirosis is a disease due to work on farmers, workers in abattoirs and workers gutter (gutter), but many people who become infected by certain activities such as swimming in contaminated water.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms usually occur within 2-20 days after infection with the bacteria. Disease usually begins suddenly denagn presence of fever, headache, severe muscle aches and chills. Symptoms of the lungs (coughing blood) occurs in 10-15% of patients. Episodes of fever and chills, which often reaches 38.9? Celsius lasts for 4-9 days. Conjunctivitis (infection of the lining of the eyeball and eyelid) appears on the third or fourth day.
Fever will disappear for a few days, but will appear again together with other symptoms at day 6 to 12. At this time, usually there is inflammation of the brain lining (meningitis), causing a stiff neck, headache and sometimes loss of consciousness (stupor or coma).
These symptoms are not as a result of infection of the lining of the brain, but were the result of inflammation caused by toxic effects on the body is trying to destroy the bacteria. A pregnant woman infected with leptospirosis can experience a miscarriage.
Weil's syndrome
Is a more severe form of leptospirosis which causes a continuous fever, loss of consciousness and the reduced ability of blood to clot, causing bleeding in the network. The early symptoms of Weil's syndrome is lighter than leptospirosis.
Blood tests showed anemia. In the curry to-3 until day 6, there are signs of kidney and liver damage. The patient will feel pain during urination or bloody urine. Liver damage is usually mild and will recover completely. Patients who did not experience jaundice usually resolves. Indicate the presence of jaundice and liver disorders can raise the risk of death to 10% in patients over 60 years.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis depends on detecting bacteria in blood cultures, urine or cerebrospinal fluid, or by the discovery of antibodies against the bacteria in the blood.
TREATMENT
When outbreaks occur, can be given antibiotic doxycycline for prevention. To treat the disease, given penicillin, ampicillin, or other similar antibiotics. In severe cases, antibiotics are given intravenously (through a vein).
PREVENTION
Patients do not need to be isolated, but must be careful when handling and disposing of the urine.
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