The scrotum masses is the mass of a lump or swelling that can be felt in the scrotum.
Benign scrotal masses that may constitute:
* Hematokel
* Hydrocele
* Varicocele
* Spermatokel.
CAUSE
The cause of the formation of a mass in the scrotum varies and can be something benign or malignant.
The cause of the formation of scrotal masses can be:
- Inflammation or infection (eg epididymitis)
- Physical injury to the scrotum
- Herniation (inguinal hernia)
- Tumors.
The incidence and risk factors varies, depending on the cause.
SYMPTOMS
In general, scrotal masses cause symptoms as follows:
* A lump / swelling in the scrotum, with or without pain
* Can occur sterility
* The scrotum enlarges.
Hematokel
Hematokel is the accumulation of blood that usually occurs after a scrotal injury. If only a few, usually the blood will re-absorbed, but if a lot, need to do surgery to get rid of.
Hydrocele
Hydrocele is accumulation of fluid in the membrane that encloses the testes, which causes swelling in one testicle soft. Hydrocele may be congenital or acquired later in life; can only attack one or both sides of the scrotum.
Hydrocele is often found in newborns. Hydrocele occur due to failure of testicular descent where the channel closure of the abdominal cavity into the scrotum. Peritoneal fluid to flow through open channels and trapped inside the scrotum to scrotum to swell. Normally, the hydrocele will disappear by itself within a few months after birth.
Hydrocele can also occur due to:
- Inflammation or injury to the testis and epididymis
- Fluid or blood blockage within the spermatic cord.
Sometimes the hydrocele associated with inguinal hernia. If the amount of fluid accumulated change, then the most likely culprit is an inguinal hernia.
Varicocele
Varicoceles are varicose veins in the scrotum. Varicoceles occur due to abnormalities in the valves in the veins along the spermatic cord. Abnormalities of this valve blocking the flow of blood so that blood flows back and venous dilation occurs. The development of varicocele usually progresses slowly and can be without symptoms. More common in men aged 15-25 years.
Varicocele is the cause of infertility in 39% of patients with infertility. Varicocele appears suddenly in the elderly can be caused by a kidney tumor that has been on the renal vein and cause disruption of blood flow through the spermatic vein.
Varicoceles usually develop in the left scrotum, these masses usually feel / look real if the patient standing and disappear when the patient rests due to the venous blood flow is reduced.
Spermatokel
Spermatokel is a mass in the scrotum that resembles a cyst, which contains fluid and dead sperm cells. If the size is large and intrusive, can be done surgically to remove it.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination. Physical examination showed a mass in the scrotum that:
- Unilateral (only found in one testicle)
- Software
- Smooth, winding or irregular shape
- Fluctuating, demarcated or solid.
Other tests that may need to do is:
* Scrotal ultrasound
* Biopsy.
The existence of hydrocele can be known with a flashlight shining on the scrotum. The scrotum is filled with clear fluid will be translucent light (transillumination). Varicocele palpable as a mass of winding along the spermatic cord.
TREATMENT
Hematokel, hydrocele and spermatokel usually benign and do not need to be treated. Sometimes need surgery to remove blood, fluids or cells that die. Hydrocele usually harmless and treatment is usually only done if the patient has been bothered or feel uncomfortable or if hidrokelnya so great that it threatens the flow of blood to the testicles.
Treatment can include aspiration (suction fluid) with the help of a needle or surgery. But if done aspirations, most likely to be recurrent hydrocele and infection can occur. After aspiration, can be injected sclerotic substances (eg tetracycline, tetra sodium decyl sulfate or urea) to block / close the hole in the scrotal sac so that fluid will not be buried again.
Hydrocele associated with inguinal hernias should be corrected with surgery as soon as possible. Varicoceles can be treated conservatively with scrotal support. But if the pain persists, there infertility or testicular shrinkage occurs, then performed ligation (binding).
Wednesday, November 2, 2011
What is Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that consists of a group of Weil's syndrome, Spiroketal Jaundice (jaundice) and Fever Kanikola.
CAUSE
Leptospira bacteria. Leptospirosis occurs in many wild animals. Some animals act as carriers and remove bacteria in the urine (rat urine), while others can become ill and die. Humans get this infection through contact with animals or urine.
Although leptospirosis is a disease due to work on farmers, workers in abattoirs and workers gutter (gutter), but many people who become infected by certain activities such as swimming in contaminated water.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms usually occur within 2-20 days after infection with the bacteria. Disease usually begins suddenly denagn presence of fever, headache, severe muscle aches and chills. Symptoms of the lungs (coughing blood) occurs in 10-15% of patients. Episodes of fever and chills, which often reaches 38.9? Celsius lasts for 4-9 days. Conjunctivitis (infection of the lining of the eyeball and eyelid) appears on the third or fourth day.
Fever will disappear for a few days, but will appear again together with other symptoms at day 6 to 12. At this time, usually there is inflammation of the brain lining (meningitis), causing a stiff neck, headache and sometimes loss of consciousness (stupor or coma).
These symptoms are not as a result of infection of the lining of the brain, but were the result of inflammation caused by toxic effects on the body is trying to destroy the bacteria. A pregnant woman infected with leptospirosis can experience a miscarriage.
Weil's syndrome
Is a more severe form of leptospirosis which causes a continuous fever, loss of consciousness and the reduced ability of blood to clot, causing bleeding in the network. The early symptoms of Weil's syndrome is lighter than leptospirosis.
Blood tests showed anemia. In the curry to-3 until day 6, there are signs of kidney and liver damage. The patient will feel pain during urination or bloody urine. Liver damage is usually mild and will recover completely. Patients who did not experience jaundice usually resolves. Indicate the presence of jaundice and liver disorders can raise the risk of death to 10% in patients over 60 years.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis depends on detecting bacteria in blood cultures, urine or cerebrospinal fluid, or by the discovery of antibodies against the bacteria in the blood.
TREATMENT
When outbreaks occur, can be given antibiotic doxycycline for prevention. To treat the disease, given penicillin, ampicillin, or other similar antibiotics. In severe cases, antibiotics are given intravenously (through a vein).
PREVENTION
Patients do not need to be isolated, but must be careful when handling and disposing of the urine.
CAUSE
Leptospira bacteria. Leptospirosis occurs in many wild animals. Some animals act as carriers and remove bacteria in the urine (rat urine), while others can become ill and die. Humans get this infection through contact with animals or urine.
Although leptospirosis is a disease due to work on farmers, workers in abattoirs and workers gutter (gutter), but many people who become infected by certain activities such as swimming in contaminated water.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms usually occur within 2-20 days after infection with the bacteria. Disease usually begins suddenly denagn presence of fever, headache, severe muscle aches and chills. Symptoms of the lungs (coughing blood) occurs in 10-15% of patients. Episodes of fever and chills, which often reaches 38.9? Celsius lasts for 4-9 days. Conjunctivitis (infection of the lining of the eyeball and eyelid) appears on the third or fourth day.
Fever will disappear for a few days, but will appear again together with other symptoms at day 6 to 12. At this time, usually there is inflammation of the brain lining (meningitis), causing a stiff neck, headache and sometimes loss of consciousness (stupor or coma).
These symptoms are not as a result of infection of the lining of the brain, but were the result of inflammation caused by toxic effects on the body is trying to destroy the bacteria. A pregnant woman infected with leptospirosis can experience a miscarriage.
Weil's syndrome
Is a more severe form of leptospirosis which causes a continuous fever, loss of consciousness and the reduced ability of blood to clot, causing bleeding in the network. The early symptoms of Weil's syndrome is lighter than leptospirosis.
Blood tests showed anemia. In the curry to-3 until day 6, there are signs of kidney and liver damage. The patient will feel pain during urination or bloody urine. Liver damage is usually mild and will recover completely. Patients who did not experience jaundice usually resolves. Indicate the presence of jaundice and liver disorders can raise the risk of death to 10% in patients over 60 years.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis depends on detecting bacteria in blood cultures, urine or cerebrospinal fluid, or by the discovery of antibodies against the bacteria in the blood.
TREATMENT
When outbreaks occur, can be given antibiotic doxycycline for prevention. To treat the disease, given penicillin, ampicillin, or other similar antibiotics. In severe cases, antibiotics are given intravenously (through a vein).
PREVENTION
Patients do not need to be isolated, but must be careful when handling and disposing of the urine.
Tuesday, November 1, 2011
How Chemotherapy destroy cancer cells
Chemotherapy requires the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells. Although the ideal drug would destroy cancer cells without harming normal cells, most drugs are not selective. Instead, drugs are designed to inflict greater damage on cancer cells than normal cells, usually by using drugs that affect the ability of cells to grow.
Uncontrolled growth and fast is the hallmark of cancer cells. But because normal cells also need to grow, and some grow quite quickly (as in bone marrow and a line along the mouth and intestines), all chemotherapy drugs affect normal cells and cause side effects.
A new approach to limiting side effects and increase the effectiveness of the use of drugs that "in the direction of the molecular". These drugs kill cancer cells by attacking channels and processes vital to the survival and growth of cancer cells. For example, cancer cells need blood vessels to deliver nutrients and oxygen. Some drugs can block the formation of blood vessels to cancer cells or the master signaling pathways that control cell growth.
Imatinib, the first such drug, is highly effective for chronic myelocytic leukemia and certain cancers of the digestive tract. Erlotinib and gefitinib to receptors located on the cell surface on cell lung cancer non-small cancer. Molecularly targeted drugs have proven useful in treating many other cancers, including breast and kidney cancer.
Not all cancers respond to chemotherapy. This type of cancer determines which drugs are used, in what combination, and at what dose. Chemotherapy may be used as the sole treatment or combined with radiation therapy or surgery, or both.
High-Dose Chemotherapy: In an attempt to enhance the antitumor effects of cancer drugs, the dose may be increased and the time between cycles of therapy may be decreased (dose-dense chemotherapy). Dose-dense chemotherapy, with a shortened period, is routinely used in the treatment of breast cancer. High-dose chemotherapy is often used for treatment of people with cancer has recurred after standard-dose therapy, particularly for people with myeloma, lymphoma, and leukemia. However, high-dose chemotherapy can cause life-threatening injury in the bone marrow. Therefore, high-dose chemotherapy is commonly combined with bone marrow rescue strategies. In the bone marrow that was saved, removed bone marrow cells before chemotherapy and returned after chemotherapy. In some cases, stem cells can be isolated from the bloodstream from the bone marrow and can be infused into the patient after chemotherapy to restore bone marrow function.
Side Effects
Chemotherapy commonly causes nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, and low blood cell count which causes anemia and increased risk of infection. With chemotherapy, people often lose their hair, but other side effects vary according to the type of drug.
Nausea and vomiting: These symptoms can usually be prevented or reduced by drugs (antiemetics). Nausea may also be reduced by eating small meals and avoiding foods high in fiber.
Low Blood Cell Counts: Cytopenia, a deficiency of one or more types of blood cells, can occur due to the toxic effects of chemotherapy drugs in bone marrow (where blood cells are made). For example, patients may have low red blood cells are abnormal (anemia), white blood cells (neutropenia or leukopenia) or platelets (thrombocytopenia). If anemia is severe, specific growth factors, such as erythropoietin or darbepoietin, can be given to the formation of red blood cells or red blood cells can be transfused. If thrombocytopenia is severe, platelets can be transfused to lower the risk of bleeding.
People with neutropenia increases the risk of infection. Fever higher than 100.4 F in patients with neutropenia is considered as an emergency. People like that should be evaluated for infection and may require antibiotics or hospitalization. White blood cells are rarely transfused because, when transfused, they continue to live only a few hours and produce many side effects. In fact, certain materials (such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor) may be given to stimulate the production of white blood cells.
Side effects occur more frequently: Many people develop inflammation or injury to the mucous membranes, such as the lining of the mouth. Mouth sores and felt pain in the mouth can make eating difficult. Various oral solution (usually containing antacids, antihistamines, and local anesthetic) can reduce the discomfort. On rare occasions, people need nutritional support with a feeding tube placed directly into the stomach or small intestine or a vein. Types of drugs can reduce diarrhea caused by radiation therapy to the abdomen.
People who are treated with chemotherapy, particularly alkylating compounds, may have an increased risk of developing leukemia several years after treatment. Some drugs, especially alkylating agents, cause infertility in some women and most men who receive these treatments.
Uncontrolled growth and fast is the hallmark of cancer cells. But because normal cells also need to grow, and some grow quite quickly (as in bone marrow and a line along the mouth and intestines), all chemotherapy drugs affect normal cells and cause side effects.
A new approach to limiting side effects and increase the effectiveness of the use of drugs that "in the direction of the molecular". These drugs kill cancer cells by attacking channels and processes vital to the survival and growth of cancer cells. For example, cancer cells need blood vessels to deliver nutrients and oxygen. Some drugs can block the formation of blood vessels to cancer cells or the master signaling pathways that control cell growth.
Imatinib, the first such drug, is highly effective for chronic myelocytic leukemia and certain cancers of the digestive tract. Erlotinib and gefitinib to receptors located on the cell surface on cell lung cancer non-small cancer. Molecularly targeted drugs have proven useful in treating many other cancers, including breast and kidney cancer.
Not all cancers respond to chemotherapy. This type of cancer determines which drugs are used, in what combination, and at what dose. Chemotherapy may be used as the sole treatment or combined with radiation therapy or surgery, or both.
High-Dose Chemotherapy: In an attempt to enhance the antitumor effects of cancer drugs, the dose may be increased and the time between cycles of therapy may be decreased (dose-dense chemotherapy). Dose-dense chemotherapy, with a shortened period, is routinely used in the treatment of breast cancer. High-dose chemotherapy is often used for treatment of people with cancer has recurred after standard-dose therapy, particularly for people with myeloma, lymphoma, and leukemia. However, high-dose chemotherapy can cause life-threatening injury in the bone marrow. Therefore, high-dose chemotherapy is commonly combined with bone marrow rescue strategies. In the bone marrow that was saved, removed bone marrow cells before chemotherapy and returned after chemotherapy. In some cases, stem cells can be isolated from the bloodstream from the bone marrow and can be infused into the patient after chemotherapy to restore bone marrow function.
Side Effects
Chemotherapy commonly causes nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, and low blood cell count which causes anemia and increased risk of infection. With chemotherapy, people often lose their hair, but other side effects vary according to the type of drug.
Nausea and vomiting: These symptoms can usually be prevented or reduced by drugs (antiemetics). Nausea may also be reduced by eating small meals and avoiding foods high in fiber.
Low Blood Cell Counts: Cytopenia, a deficiency of one or more types of blood cells, can occur due to the toxic effects of chemotherapy drugs in bone marrow (where blood cells are made). For example, patients may have low red blood cells are abnormal (anemia), white blood cells (neutropenia or leukopenia) or platelets (thrombocytopenia). If anemia is severe, specific growth factors, such as erythropoietin or darbepoietin, can be given to the formation of red blood cells or red blood cells can be transfused. If thrombocytopenia is severe, platelets can be transfused to lower the risk of bleeding.
People with neutropenia increases the risk of infection. Fever higher than 100.4 F in patients with neutropenia is considered as an emergency. People like that should be evaluated for infection and may require antibiotics or hospitalization. White blood cells are rarely transfused because, when transfused, they continue to live only a few hours and produce many side effects. In fact, certain materials (such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor) may be given to stimulate the production of white blood cells.
Side effects occur more frequently: Many people develop inflammation or injury to the mucous membranes, such as the lining of the mouth. Mouth sores and felt pain in the mouth can make eating difficult. Various oral solution (usually containing antacids, antihistamines, and local anesthetic) can reduce the discomfort. On rare occasions, people need nutritional support with a feeding tube placed directly into the stomach or small intestine or a vein. Types of drugs can reduce diarrhea caused by radiation therapy to the abdomen.
People who are treated with chemotherapy, particularly alkylating compounds, may have an increased risk of developing leukemia several years after treatment. Some drugs, especially alkylating agents, cause infertility in some women and most men who receive these treatments.
Colon and rectal cancer
colon and rectal cancer (colorectal cancer) is a type of cancer no 2 are the most common cause of cancer deaths and No. 2. The incidence of colorectal cancer begins to increase at age 40 years and peak at age 60-75 years. Colon cancer is more common in women, rectal cancer is more often found in men.
Approximately 5% of patients with colon cancer or rectal cancer have more than one colorectal cancer at the same time. Colon cancer usually begins with swelling like the buttons on the surface of the intestinal lining or the polyp. Then the cancer will begin to enter the intestinal wall. Nearby lymph nodes can also be affected. Because blood from the intestinal wall was taken to the liver, colon cancer usually spreads (metastasis) to the liver soon after spread to the lymph nodes nearby.
CAUSE
Someone with a family history of colon cancer, have a high risk of cancer. Hereditary polyposis or a history of similar disease also increases the risk of colon cancer. Patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease have a higher risk for cancer. The risks associated with patient age at the time of these abnormalities arise and old people develop this disorder.
Food holds important role in colon cancer risk, but how, is unknown. Around the world, people with the highest risk are living in urban and eat typical western people are rich. These foods high in fiber and low animal protein, fats and carbohydrates. The risk seems to decline with a diet high in calcium, vitamin D and vegetables such as Brussels sprouts, cabbage and broccoli.
SYMPTOMS
Colorectal cancer grows slowly and takes a long time before causing symptoms. Symptoms depend on the type, location and spread of cancer. Right colon (ascending colon) has a large diameter and thin walls. Because the contents are liquid, ascending colon will not be blocked until the occurrence of late-stage cancer.
The tumors in the ascending colon could be so enlarged that can be felt through the abdominal wall. Weak because of severe anemia may be the only symptom. The left colon (descending colon) has a smaller diameter and thicker walls and a little stool solid.
Cancer tends to surround the colon, causing constipation and frequent bowel movements, alternately.
Because the descending colon is narrower and thicker walls, clogging occurs earlier. Patients experiencing abdominal pain cramps or severe abdominal pain and constipation. Feces can be bloody, but more often hidden blood, and can only be known through laboratory tests.
Most cancers cause bleeding, but usually slowly. In rectal cancer, the most common first symptom is bleeding during a bowel movement. If rectal bleeding, even if the person is known to also suffer from hemorrhoids or diverticular disease, also should difikirkan possibility of cancer. In rectal cancer, the patient may feel pain during bowel movements and a feeling that the rectum has not completely empty. Sitting can be a pain. But usually people do not feel pain due to cancer, unless the cancer has spread to tissue outside the rectum
Diagnosis
Like other cancers, regular screening, early detection help from colorectal cancer. Feces examined microscopically to calculate the amount of blood. To help ensure proper examination results, patients with high-fiber eating red meat for 3 days prior to fecal sampling. If this screening indicates the possibility of cancer, further investigation is needed.
Before endoscopy, the gut is emptied, often by using laxatives and several enemas. Approximately 65% of colorectal cancers can be viewed with sigmoidoskop. When visible polyps that may be malignant, the entire colon examined with colonoscopy, which its range is longer. Some are visible malignant growth removed using a surgical instrument through a colonoscopy, other growth should be removed with ordinary surgery.
Approximately 5% of patients with colon cancer or rectal cancer have more than one colorectal cancer at the same time. Colon cancer usually begins with swelling like the buttons on the surface of the intestinal lining or the polyp. Then the cancer will begin to enter the intestinal wall. Nearby lymph nodes can also be affected. Because blood from the intestinal wall was taken to the liver, colon cancer usually spreads (metastasis) to the liver soon after spread to the lymph nodes nearby.
CAUSE
Someone with a family history of colon cancer, have a high risk of cancer. Hereditary polyposis or a history of similar disease also increases the risk of colon cancer. Patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease have a higher risk for cancer. The risks associated with patient age at the time of these abnormalities arise and old people develop this disorder.
Food holds important role in colon cancer risk, but how, is unknown. Around the world, people with the highest risk are living in urban and eat typical western people are rich. These foods high in fiber and low animal protein, fats and carbohydrates. The risk seems to decline with a diet high in calcium, vitamin D and vegetables such as Brussels sprouts, cabbage and broccoli.
SYMPTOMS
Colorectal cancer grows slowly and takes a long time before causing symptoms. Symptoms depend on the type, location and spread of cancer. Right colon (ascending colon) has a large diameter and thin walls. Because the contents are liquid, ascending colon will not be blocked until the occurrence of late-stage cancer.
The tumors in the ascending colon could be so enlarged that can be felt through the abdominal wall. Weak because of severe anemia may be the only symptom. The left colon (descending colon) has a smaller diameter and thicker walls and a little stool solid.
Cancer tends to surround the colon, causing constipation and frequent bowel movements, alternately.
Because the descending colon is narrower and thicker walls, clogging occurs earlier. Patients experiencing abdominal pain cramps or severe abdominal pain and constipation. Feces can be bloody, but more often hidden blood, and can only be known through laboratory tests.
Most cancers cause bleeding, but usually slowly. In rectal cancer, the most common first symptom is bleeding during a bowel movement. If rectal bleeding, even if the person is known to also suffer from hemorrhoids or diverticular disease, also should difikirkan possibility of cancer. In rectal cancer, the patient may feel pain during bowel movements and a feeling that the rectum has not completely empty. Sitting can be a pain. But usually people do not feel pain due to cancer, unless the cancer has spread to tissue outside the rectum
Diagnosis
Like other cancers, regular screening, early detection help from colorectal cancer. Feces examined microscopically to calculate the amount of blood. To help ensure proper examination results, patients with high-fiber eating red meat for 3 days prior to fecal sampling. If this screening indicates the possibility of cancer, further investigation is needed.
Before endoscopy, the gut is emptied, often by using laxatives and several enemas. Approximately 65% of colorectal cancers can be viewed with sigmoidoskop. When visible polyps that may be malignant, the entire colon examined with colonoscopy, which its range is longer. Some are visible malignant growth removed using a surgical instrument through a colonoscopy, other growth should be removed with ordinary surgery.
What is Menigitidis Neisseria ?
Menigitidis Neisseria (meningococcus) is a gram-negative cocci bacteria that live naturally in the human body .Meningokokus can cause infection of the membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord (meningitis), blood infections and other severe infections in adults and children.
Neisseria gonorhoeae, is also a gram-negative cocci naturally in humans, which causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease that can affect the urethra, vagina and anus and may spread to the joints.
Many species of Neisseria which normally live in the throat and mouth, vagina and intestine, but they rarely cause infeksi.Neisseria menigitidis (meningococcus) is a gram-negative cocci bacteria that naturally live inside the human body. Meningococci can cause infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord wrap (meningitis), blood infections and other severe infections in adults and children.
Neisseria gonorhoeae, is also a gram-negative cocci naturally in humans, which causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease that can affect the urethra, vagina and anus and may spread to the joints. Many species of Neisseria which normally live in the throat and mouth, vagina and intestine, but they rarely cause infection.
Neisseria gonorhoeae, is also a gram-negative cocci naturally in humans, which causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease that can affect the urethra, vagina and anus and may spread to the joints.
Many species of Neisseria which normally live in the throat and mouth, vagina and intestine, but they rarely cause infeksi.Neisseria menigitidis (meningococcus) is a gram-negative cocci bacteria that naturally live inside the human body. Meningococci can cause infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord wrap (meningitis), blood infections and other severe infections in adults and children.
Neisseria gonorhoeae, is also a gram-negative cocci naturally in humans, which causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease that can affect the urethra, vagina and anus and may spread to the joints. Many species of Neisseria which normally live in the throat and mouth, vagina and intestine, but they rarely cause infection.
What is Enterobakteria ?
Enterobakteria is a group of bacteria that can cause infections of the digestive tract or other organs. These organisms are naturally many lives in the digestive tract.
As for that included in this group are:
* Salmonella
* Shigella
* Escherichia
* Klebsiella
* Enterobacter
* Serratia
* Proteus
* Morganella
* Providencia
* Yersinia.
Although Escherichia coli is naturally live in the digestive tract, but certain species of E. coli can cause bloody diarrhea, diarrhea or diarrhea inflammation such as water (Traveler's diarrhea, travelers diarrhea).
In children, diarrhea caused by E. enterohemoragik coli causing Hemolytic-uremic syndrome. E. coli is also a cause of urinary tract infections and can infect the bloodstream, bladder, lungs and skin. Bacteremia and meningitis E. coli occurs in newborns, especially premature infants.
Usually antibiotics are given immediately. For urinary tract infections, may be given sulfa-per-oral (by mouth). For severe infections, intravenous antibiotics is required (through a vein). Infections Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia are usually acquired in hospitals, especially in patients whose ability to fight infection decreases.
Pneumonia due to Klebsiella rare, but it is a lung infection that weight that often occurs in people with diabetes and alcoholism. Cough accompanied by sputum arising brown or dark red color. Pneumonia can cause lung abscess and empyema (pus collection in the lining of the lungs). Early treatment with intravenous cephalosporin or quinolone (through a vein) can cure Klebsiella pneumonia.
Proteus is a set of bacteria that are normally found in soil, water and feces. These bacteria can also cause infections in, especially in the abdominal cavity, urinary tract and bladder.
Common diseases caused by enterobakteria are:
* Typhoid Fever
* Non-Typhoid Salmonella Infections
* Sigelosis.
As for that included in this group are:
* Salmonella
* Shigella
* Escherichia
* Klebsiella
* Enterobacter
* Serratia
* Proteus
* Morganella
* Providencia
* Yersinia.
Although Escherichia coli is naturally live in the digestive tract, but certain species of E. coli can cause bloody diarrhea, diarrhea or diarrhea inflammation such as water (Traveler's diarrhea, travelers diarrhea).
In children, diarrhea caused by E. enterohemoragik coli causing Hemolytic-uremic syndrome. E. coli is also a cause of urinary tract infections and can infect the bloodstream, bladder, lungs and skin. Bacteremia and meningitis E. coli occurs in newborns, especially premature infants.
Usually antibiotics are given immediately. For urinary tract infections, may be given sulfa-per-oral (by mouth). For severe infections, intravenous antibiotics is required (through a vein). Infections Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia are usually acquired in hospitals, especially in patients whose ability to fight infection decreases.
Pneumonia due to Klebsiella rare, but it is a lung infection that weight that often occurs in people with diabetes and alcoholism. Cough accompanied by sputum arising brown or dark red color. Pneumonia can cause lung abscess and empyema (pus collection in the lining of the lungs). Early treatment with intravenous cephalosporin or quinolone (through a vein) can cure Klebsiella pneumonia.
Proteus is a set of bacteria that are normally found in soil, water and feces. These bacteria can also cause infections in, especially in the abdominal cavity, urinary tract and bladder.
Common diseases caused by enterobakteria are:
* Typhoid Fever
* Non-Typhoid Salmonella Infections
* Sigelosis.
What is Immunotherapy?
Immunotherapy is used to stimulate the immune system against cancer. For example, a vaccine composed of antigens derived from tumor cells can increase the body's functions to antibodies or immune cells (t limpiosit). Extracts inactivated tuberculosis bacteria, which are known to increase immune response, has been successful when instilled into the bladder to prevent the recurrence of bladder tumors.
Monoclonal antibody therapy requires the use of antibodies produced experimentally to make specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells as targets. Trastuzumab is one of antibodies, which attack the HER-2/neu receptor is present on the surface of cancer cells in 25% of women with breast cancer. Trastuzumab enhances the effect of chemotherapy drugs. Rituximab is very effective in treating lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Rituximab is associated with radioactive isotopes can be used to deliver radiation directly to lymphoma cells. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, an antibody and the drug combination, is effective in some people with chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Biological reaction modifiers improve the immune system's ability to find and destroy cancer cells, such as by stimulating normal cells to produce chemical messengers (mediators). Interferon (of which there are several kinds) is the best known and very widely used biological response modifiers. Almost all human cells produce interferon naturally, but can also be made through biotechnology. Although the exact mechanism of the action is not completely clear, interferon has the task in the treatment of several cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant melanoma. Interleukin 2, which is produced in certain white blood cells, can also help cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma in the kidney.
Monoclonal antibody therapy requires the use of antibodies produced experimentally to make specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells as targets. Trastuzumab is one of antibodies, which attack the HER-2/neu receptor is present on the surface of cancer cells in 25% of women with breast cancer. Trastuzumab enhances the effect of chemotherapy drugs. Rituximab is very effective in treating lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Rituximab is associated with radioactive isotopes can be used to deliver radiation directly to lymphoma cells. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, an antibody and the drug combination, is effective in some people with chronic myelocytic leukemia.
Biological reaction modifiers improve the immune system's ability to find and destroy cancer cells, such as by stimulating normal cells to produce chemical messengers (mediators). Interferon (of which there are several kinds) is the best known and very widely used biological response modifiers. Almost all human cells produce interferon naturally, but can also be made through biotechnology. Although the exact mechanism of the action is not completely clear, interferon has the task in the treatment of several cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant melanoma. Interleukin 2, which is produced in certain white blood cells, can also help cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma in the kidney.
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